Lung Cancer Research Paper

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

Patient stated that her siblings were born in a hospital. Mariano Saquilayan, grandfather, died at the age of 61 from lung cancer. Patient states that her grandfather smoked for a long time; therefore, leading to the result of lung cancer. Patient’s parents from her father’s side are diagnosed with diabetes, unknown of type (ages 80 and 77). Uncle on father’s side, Reynaldo Vinzon, developed diabetes at age 55; patient is unknown of type of diabetes. Patient’s uncle, Arnel Saquilayan, on her mother’s side is 55 years old and diagnosed with Polio and uncle, Manny Saquilayan, of 48 years old is diagnosed with heart disease. Patient is unaware of the type of disease. Patient’s parents both have hypertension and is currently taking medication for

Fig.42 :The tumor detection. A grade 2 periosteal chondrosarcoma in the humeral shaft. (A) Axial T2-weighted image before surgery. There is a small lesion hyperintense on the image (circle) in the posterior periosteum of the humeral shaft. (B) Axial diffusion weighted image. The tumor is hyperintense on DWI sequence (circle), easier to detect because of the high tissue contrast. (C) Axial T2-weighted image 6 months after the surgery. There is a very small residue of the tumor in the surgical site (circle), which is difficult to find on conventional MR imaging. (D) Axial diffusion-weighted image. The tumoral residue shows hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted image sequence (circle), which facilitates the detection. quoted from (Costa et al.,

Over decades, lung cancer globally continues to be the leading killer in both genders. In the United States, smoking is responsible for 90% lung cancer deaths in men and about 80% in women. About 15 decades ago, lung cancer was not considered as the leading killer because it was an extremely rare disease about 1% in total of cancer cases. However, by the year 1927, the percentage increased into 14%. During World War I, many soldiers and civilians started smoking to release stress. Eventually, that made the lung cancer rate and smoking addiction in the population started to increase. In a research that published in 2001, lung cancer annually kills over one million people worldwide (Witschi, 2001). The death rate, which caused by lung cancer,

deeper growth might be hard to distinguish from cancerous nodules. Most of the hamartomas made of normal tissues such as cartilage, connective tissue, fat, and muscle, but in abnormal amount. They are not likely to press against nearby tissue, but they stay within a limited area. They are usually less than four centimeters in diameter, and appear in chest X rays as a coin like round growth. Hamartomas may look like fluffy wool or popcorn in about 15% of cases, and they are found more often in males than females between the ages of 50 and 70.

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. There are a variety of causes for this particular cancer, the most common one being smoking, or anything related to tobacco. What smoking does is damage the cells in the lungs. When you then inhale the smoke, the cancer-causing substances in the smoke begin to affect the lung tissue. Your body can at first naturally fix the damage, however if the smoking continues, the cells will continue to suffer and behave abnormally, which is when the cancer begins to take over. As one would guess, smoking directly has a much higher risk-rate than not smoking. There is however something called passive (second-hand smoking), in which case being around a heavy smoker can actually have similar

Imagine you are running and with each step your breath becomes shorter and shorter. Your lungs are working twice as hard and you have not even gone half way. Sweat is running down your forehead as is becomes harder for you to breath. You used to be able to run with such ease but now you are out of breath. While thinking back at what has changed to make your breathing so heavy you drop your pack of cigarettes. Smoking cigarettes is a dangerous habit. Not only can it cause cancer and other health problems to yourself but it can also pose a risk to others. Many people get addicted to smoking cigarettes. They may have been pressured into trying one or have seen a commercial about smoking and wanted to try it out for himself. Some find pleasure in smoking and use it as a relaxation from their stressful lives but that is not a good enjoyment.

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-bff5b218-ea6f-7503-56b8-a24e5273d2ef"><span style="font-size:27px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;">There aren't many people who are clear about the way cancer works. Well cancer is basically a disease that is characterized by out of control cell growth. Cancer can cause serious harm to a human&rsquo;s body, when damaged cells divide out of control lumps or masses of tissue called tumors. Tumors can cause damage and interfere with the digestive system, nervous, and circulatory systems. And can also release hormones

This paper discusses in distinct detail the pathology of lung cancer, specifically malignant tumors. This investigation into the cancer touches on many different subjects that include: the history of the disease and how it came to be so prevalent, it’s cellular origins, how it is diagnosed within a patient, the different treatments used to fight it, and the survival rates for people with any sort of lung cancer. The paper also goes in depth about the use of x-rays and how they are used to find lung cancer. There are many resources used for this paper and they are cited as necessary.

Symptoms vary depending on the type. Although it is possible for cancer to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65. The increased risk is believed to be due to the random chance of developing any cancer, the likelihood of surviving the first cancer, the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, unwanted side effects of treating the first cancer (particularly radiation therapy), and to better compliance with screening.

Cancer affects everyone at some point in their life, whether it be themselves or a relative. For myself, it was niece that was diagnosed with leukemia. While scientists have identified countless carcinogens, there still isn’t an exact science on how to avoid cancer. “Leukemia is the most common type of childhood malignancy under the age of 15” 1, and it makes me wonder what these kids at such a young age are predisposed to, that makes them more susceptible. When I think about cancer I associate it with radiation whether it be treatment or cause. Ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen and can increase the risk of developing Leukemia. What about radon? The radioactive gas we are subject to every day. My niece lives in an older home, has a

If you smoke long enough it can hurt almost every organ in your body. Lung cancer is the most noticed of cancers you can get from smoking. On an average 480,000 people die a year from smoking in the U.S.

(Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)

The U.S. Natural Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Surgeon General's Office have evaluated that upwards of 20,000 lung growth deaths are brought on every year by radon. Radon is the second driving reason for lung disease. Radon-incited lung malignancy costs the United States over $2 billion dollars for every year in both immediate and backhanded human services costs. (In light of National Cancer Institute insights of 14,400 yearly radon lung disease deaths - Oster, Colditz and Kelley, 1984)(Radon facts)