Lung Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) occurs in about 30% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cases. (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012) There are two main features of squamous cell NSCLC that distinguish it from adenocarcinoma and large cell NSCLC. Squamous cells contain keratin within the cell and are connected to each other by desmosomes (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012). Squamous cell NSCLC is most commonly found in male smokers who have a cough, airway obstruction, Hilar-adenopathy, mediastinal widening with chest x-rays, and Hypercalcemia (Harold, J. Bruyere, 2009).

Non-Small cell lung cancer is one of two major cancers that affect smokers and nonsmokers. About 85% of lung cancers are non-small cancers, and at least 80% of that comes from smoking (American Cancer Society). In the United States, lung cancer is the second cancer most frequently diagnosed in both men and women and remains the major cause of cancer-related death.(Jan A. Burger, 2012). It mostly affects group ages from little as 6 to old as 60+. The factors that lead people to get this cancer of the lungs is by tobacco smoke which the biggest risk factor (Tobacco smoke also contains a large amount of free radical oxygen that can cause oxidation of the DNA nucleobase guanine to form 8-oxoguanine resulting in G to T substitutions and gene

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |

Cancer is the most significant cause of death for both men and women is measured to be the main cause of cancer decease worldwide, and it is complex to detect in its early stages because symptoms emerge only in the advanced stages causing the mortality rate to be the highest among all other types of cancer. More people die since of lung cancer than any other types of cancer such as breast, colon, and prostate cancers. There is major evidence indicating that the early detection of lung cancer will reduce mortality rate. The majority recent estimate according to the latest figures provided by world health organization indicates that around 7.6 million deaths worldwide each year because of this type of cancer. Furthermore, mortality from cancer

Lung cancer is any type of cancer that begins in the lungs, although it is still considered lung cancer after it spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the U.S. and worldwide. Forty percent of people will be diagnosed with lung cancer within their life span. Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is very complex, so the best way to comprehend it is to break it down into easily analyzed topics. The first topic that must be analyzed is cancer as a whole-what it is, what causes it, and what can be done about it. After this essential knowledge is gained, it is possible to analyze lung cancer from an informed angle, understanding the statistics, research, and various classifications. Lung cancer is

The 2015 WHO classification of lung tumours (add ref) was used to categorise biopsies by the predominant histological subtype. Of 274 cases, 167 (61%) were acinar predominant adenocarcinomas, 63(23%) solid adenocarcinomas, 19 (7%) invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas, 11(4%)lepidic predominant, papillary 9 (3.30%), two cases each of colloid (0.7%) and non- small cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NSCC-NOS) (0.7%) and one micro-papillary predominant subtype (0.3%) (Figure 1; Figures 2A-2D; Figures 3A-3D).

While much research has been conducted on the causes and treatments of lung cancer, there is much to be done to help promote good health choices. The risks of smoking increase the chance of being diagnosed with lung cancer. Air pollution is also a contributor. Marketing better health choices, public awareness, and education can help prevent this disease. Lung cancer is defined as abnormal cell tissue that forms in tissues of the lungs . It is estimated that there are 224,210 new cases every year, while the estimated deaths are numbered at 159,260 per year. There are several options of treatment and are as follows: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Therapy. Research and advertisement has brought about much change to the public awareness.

Non-communicable diseases like cancer are rapidly increasing in number more than the different infectious diseases such as rabies, AIDS, etc. In US alone, the American Cancer Society approximates to diagnose around 223,500 new lung cancer cases with 165,000 expected mortality or deaths in 2012. In fact, 20% of cancer deaths in the developing countries are due to lung cancer. It’s very sad to note that the majority of these deaths are predisposed by smoking.

Nicotine is the primary component of tobacco products, which causes addiction and can eventually lead to lung cancer through series of metabolic activities. (http://www.carcinogenesis.com/article.asp?issn=1477-3163;year=2013;volume=12;issue=1;spage=1;epage=1;aulast=Warren ) Nicotine, which results from cigarette smoking, is found to be the major cause of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is referred to as a type of lung cancer that is associated with epithelial cells (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-small-cell-lung/healthprofessional/page1 ). The lung is covered by layers of epithelial cells connected with junctions that provide the function of transporting and secreting

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer every year, making it the most common type of cancer worldwide (1). Lung cancer is broadly classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). 85% of all lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all NSCLC cases, and is the most common subtype of NSCLC (2).

This matched also with the study of Kshatriya et al. (11) who found between 25 cases of malignancy, 19 smokers and 6 nonsmokers. Squamous cell carcinoma was found more in smokers.

The two main types of lung cancer are Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). About 80-85% of lung cancers are NSCLC. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are the subtypes of NSCLC that begins from different lung cells. Adenocarcinoma occur in 40% of lung cancer cases. It is the most common type in both smokers and nonsmokers in the United States. Adenocarcinoma is usually located on outer parts of the lung. Also, it is more likely to be discovered before it spreads to other organs. About 25-30% are squamous cell carcinoma which is normally found in the airways of the lungs. Large cell carcinoma only accounts for 10-15%, it is more difficult to treat because it grows and spreads rapidly. If the tumor was detected in an early stage, the treatment will be more successful. In stage I & II the cancer will be in the lung and not spread to any lymph nodes yet. The tumor is generally smaller than in higher stage. Stage III will develop a more advanced diagnosis. The cancer can spread to the lymph nodes of the chest. If the cancer spread to the same side of where it began, that is stage IIIA. If it spread to the opposite side, or above the collarbone, that is stage IIIB. Stage IV is the most complex stage, the cancer can spread to both lungs, and any parts or organs of the

Chronic disease is term used for human health state which is continual or otherwise ongoing in its effects. Lung cancer is a chronic disease mainly characterized by abandoned growth of cell in tissues of lung. It usually occur as a malignant tumor in lungs where as in benign tumors it spreads to the cell lining the air passage and often it attacks the nearby cells and tissues of the body. Primary lung cancers are carcinomas of epithelial cells. Lung cancer is categorized as non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 80% of lung cancers. More people expire because of lung cancer as compared to prostate and colorectal cancer. The average age of people having lung cancer is 71 yrs.

Lung Cancer is the second most common cancer found in both men and women. It is formed when an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs takes place (“Lung Cancer 101” n.d.). Equivalent to all other cancers, lung cancer is able to grow rapidly which can cause it to expand to other parts of the body. “Signs and symptoms of lung cancer, such as coughing and shortness of breath, can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease is advanced. There are two major types of lung cancer a person could be diagnosed with. Those types are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer seem to grow more quickly in the body than non-small cell lung cancer. Since lungs are large, tumors are able to grow in them for a long period of time before being discovered. This results in early stage lung cancer (stage I and II) to be difficult to detect” (“Lung Cancer 101” n.d.). Overall, lung cancer is often associated to occur amongst people who tend to smoke. Although smoking contributes a big deal to the development of lung cancer, it is not always the root of the problem. People who are non-smokers are still in risk of lung cancer due to environmental exposures such as radon,wood smoke, and secondhand smoke.

Lung cancer is a dangerous health problem which affects many people (Thomas, 2013). It becomes the top killer among other types of cancers in the world (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild & Adjei, 2008). According to the statistics made by National Institute of Health, more than 161, 000 cases were reported in U.S. involving death caused by lung cancer in 2008 (Samet, Tang, Boffetta, Hannan, Marston, Thun et, al., 2009). Despite the decreasing trends of lung cancer incidence rates for men in the 1980s and for women in the late 1990s, still the lung and bronchus cancer remain the significant cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an estimation of 87,750 and 72,590 deaths to occur in men and women, respectively, in 2012 (Field & Withers, 2012)