Luthiery Research Paper

The Guittern was shaped like a violin, played with a pick, and had the ability to be tuned in octaves or in unison. This tuning ability was never used in other guitar instruments. Compared to the modern day guitar, the Guittern lacked a movable bridge and a saddle. The Guittern was also the first instrument to use wire strings instead the traditional gut strings used in stringed instruments (Kentor Michael 4).

They weren’t added to keyboards until the thirteenth century. Another instrument that was a prelude to the piano was the pantaleon. It was created by Hebenstreit, a famous dulcimer player. It had 180 strings, was 9 feet long, had an extra soundboard, and had double-faced hammers. It was extremely hard to master. It was short-lived, but was an important influence for the pianoforte. It also created an important link between keyed and non-keyed string instruments (Crombie 5-7).

During the 1860’s the English began to add extra strings to the already popular five-string banjo so that there were now banjos that has seven, eight, or nine strings. The extra strings included bass and thumb strings that were supposed to be plucked. Though this addition to English banjos was accepted by most professional banjo players, by the 1890’s professional musicians decided to return to predominantly playing the traditional five-string

The history of the lute does not lie solely in the Renaissance. Lute-like instruments were played in Mesopotamia as early as 2000 B.C. One myth of how the lute’s ancestor the ud, meaning twig or flexible rod, came into existence is found in an old Iraqi tale. They claim that Lamak, a direct descendant of the biblical Cain, was its inventor; but not on purpose. Lamak's hung the remains of his dead son in a tree,

Many musicians took part in playing and composing music for court. Queen Elizabeth had a special liking for the arts and enjoyed music. The introduction of new musical instruments produced refined, beautiful sounds. The instruments new to the Elizabethan era were the viol, an early model of the violin, the hautboy, an oboe-like instrument, and the keyboard instruments, the spinet, harpsichord, and virginal.

On occasion, they had professional musicians play at the dinners to entertain the guests. Sometimes the musicians were the household slaves. Lots of instruments were used to create music. The Greeks got the names for the instruments by using the melodic and scaler system. For example, there were the Rattle (sistrum and seistron), cymbals (kymbala), guitar (kithara), bagpipe (askaulos), conch and triton shells (kochlos), trumpet (salpinx), horn (keras), tambourine (hoptron), shallow drum (tympanon), clappers (krotala), maracas (phormis koi), and the xylophone (psithyrus). Greek instruments came in all different types, such as the four-stringed lyre (phorminx) and the multi-stringed and elongated barbiton. There were also various types of harps and just random ancient Greek instruments, such as the rhombus (a wind instrument) which was a flat rhombus pierced with holes, strung on a cord, and played by spinning the cord. The second was the hydraulis, a sophisticated Hellenistic organ which used compressed air and water pressure maintained by two pedals. Some Greek instruments were named, for example Hermes the Lyre, Pan the Syrinx (panpipes), and Athena the aulos (Flute). Amphion and Thamyres were both famed for their skills playing the kithara (guitar). The Greeks played stringed instruments with their fingers or

Lisinopril is used to treat hypertension as well heart failure. Lisinopril is not occasionally used to treat postmyocardial infarction, migraine, diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, and proteinuria. These conditions have not been approved by the FDA to be treated with Lisinopril. Pregnant women should not use Lisinopril. Injury or death may be side effects that an unborn baby will experience if the medication is taken by a pregnant woman in the second or third trimester. Birth control needs to be taken when a patient is taking Lisinopril. The dosage recommended for patients treating hypertension is 5-10 mg once a day. A maintenance dose of 20 to 40 mg is also suggested and the maximum dose to treat hypertension is 80 mg. Patients that are

Ancient Greek instruments had similar uses as modern day instruments, but there are some very obvious differences. Ancient Greek instruments were used in more solo fashion, usually accompanying a singer, chorus, or poet, whereas modern day instruments are typically used in ensemble situations. There is more variety of instruments in modern day than in Ancient Greece due to modern day advancements and production methods. Modern people are able to buy instruments from many different markets and these instruments are mass produced on assembly lines or by specialists, therefore the availability of instruments is higher in modern day than in Ancient times, where everything was handmade and took longer. This is also due to the globalization of modern day economies, where an individual can have access to basically any kind of instrument they desire, whereas in ancient Greece where contact with other cultures was not as pronounced as it is today, there were not as many instruments available to their use, only ones of their own design or of nearby cultures. Ancient Greek instruments were not as complex as modern instruments are designed. Typical instruments were created by adding holes that would be covered by the player’s fingers, or they were created as string instruments where one would simply pluck at the string to produce a noise. There were some advancements of Greek instruments over time, such as with the aulos. In modern times, though, because instruments have been able to

“Oh, that’s a harp honey. It’s the instrument of angels”, she responded, sparking a lifelong passion to learn how to make such beautiful music myself.

In past, the oud had only two strings, then it had four and it ended with five and six. Lebanon musician Far hat Hasher put seven strings and this helped us to have both the low and the high levels. The strings that were used on the past were made of gut and the plectrum (key) was made of cherry tree cortex or horn of animals. Today they are replaced by plastic. Today Oud is popular to almost all over the world. Since 9th century the musical tradition of the Mediterranean Sea was based oud practically. At Medieval times, the Crusaders brought this instrument from the Holy Lands to Europe, where it became the Renaissance Lute and Lute in Minor Asia, where it remains like this. The strings that were used in the past were made of gut and the plectrum was made of cherry tree cortex or horn of animals. Today they are replaced by plastic. Oud is one of the few instruments of the East and the only one for Arabs, which played and transformed the music levels, which are known as makams. A makam is composed out of a four-stringed "4 notes" and from a five-stringed 5 notes where they alternate from makam to makam. The number of makams is extensive and different from country to country. For example, in Turkey - Egypt it differs mostly to the style and less to the musical scales. Many times the musical scales are the same but they are played with different style and it seems they change makam, while in reality it remains the same. I believe that the bloom of music makam was around 1850 because at these times there was composed and played a big number of makams. Nowadays the musicians do not compose such amounts of makams and the basic reason for this is that a musician of 1850 had a brighter mind than from a musician of nowadays. The depth of the makam is so big that you need to live twice in order to say that you have learnt or played or understood all

Sciences used in matters concerning my personal life apart from the obvious of my major; being computer science, are those that deal in the effectiveness and longevity of violin strings. In my personal time I am a violinist by hobby, having played for roughly 11 years through school programs, public orchestra's as well as private lessons, I have come into knowledge of many different brands and styles of strings. Outside the world of the violinist there are relatively few that would consider the variety of strings that one can get and the affect that they tend to have on not only the quality of sound but also the tone that one can produce while using them. When in its infancy the violinists and luthiers that produced the violins of time made

The main instruments used are strings, such ah the Violin and Harp, also the Piano.

The violin was created in Italy by Andrea Amati around 1555. Even though violins were created around this era string instruments had been created long before then. It’s believed string instruments originate from Central Asia. The violin was popular in high and low class people because of its size and sound. Its popularity increased because of its sound projection. It suited large concert venues more than other instruments. In the 19th century the way the violin was built went though some significant changes. The length of the finger board increased and the tension of the strings increased. These changes resulted in the violin to have an increase in range and sound projection. The violin was a key instrument used to play Celtic, Irish, gypsy,

I am pleased to be here today to inform you about the origin and development of the acoustic cello, different types of cello worldwide, and the development of the electric cello.

Inventors have been playing with the idea of electrically powered musical instruments since the 1800s, but "the first attempts at an amplified instrument did not come until the development of electrical amplification by the radio industry in the 1920s."