Lymph Nodes Number Of Postoperative Total Mesorectal Excision Specimen Essay

Colorectal cancer mainly starts at colon or the rectum. They are common in most of the way like features, but they have different treatment. What is the different between colon cancer and rectum cancer? Colon cancer happens first four to five feet of the large intestine and rectal cancer happens in the last few inches of the large intestine where it is connected to anus.

The N category describes whether or not the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes.

Abdominal ultrasound is sometimes used for quick and cheap first examinations. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis they may do a biopsy by fine needle aspiration. Pancreatic cancer is usually staged after a ct scan is done. The staging system is four stages,from early to advanced and based on TNM classification.TNM stands for Tumor size, spread to lymph nodes,and metastasis. Based on if surgical removal seems possible,the tumors are divided into three broader categories to help decide treatment. Tumors are resectable, borderline resectable or undetectable. If the disease is still in an early stage(stage 1 or 2) surgical resection of the tumor can be performed. Stage 3 tumors can be borderline resectable where surgery can technically still be done or unresectable where its to locally advanced. Stage 1 cancer is only found in the pancreas. Stage 1 is divided into a and b stages based on tumor size. Stage 1a is when the tumor is no bigger than 2 cm. Stage 1b is when the tumor is bigger than 2 cm. The second stage is when the cancer could have spread to nearby tissue and organs, and may have also spread to the lymph nodes near the

On 12nd of May of this year, she came to hospital due to that she found blood in the stool and had feeling abdominal pain for several days. After taking CT colon graph, blood test and barium enema, she was diagnosed with rectal cancer. Then she underwent a colostomy and temporary stoma was left on her left abdomen for future reversal. During July and September, she received continuously chemotherapy and radiotherapy in Flinders Private Hospital to prevent cancer cell spreading through blood vessels or lymph nodes. After four months of treatment, there is no signs of cancer cells come back and her bowel have recovered from the original operation, she was suggested to have a colostomy reversal surgery. She came

Stage I: the tumor is still located in the same area and not yet spread.

TNM system is based on the size of the tumor (T), whether lymph nodes are involved (N) and whether the tumor has metastasized (M) and spread to another part of the body(Dighe et al., 2015). TNM system can classify the cancer into 5 stages ranging from Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or (LCIS) up to Stage IV where cancer has already metastasized to other organs(Moussa and Yones 2015). Larger size, nodal spread and metastasis lead to larger stage number and worse prognosis(Dighe et al.,

Sentinel nodes are lymph nodes that receive the bodies waste first (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). It is believed that the cancer cells are metastasised to these nodes before spreading to other nodes of the body (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). To identify these nodes, dye or a radioactive tracer is used to locate the node and determine an accurate stage of cancer (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).

Zhu conducted a study to compare the survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer and were treated with a systemic drug, which was oxaliplatin, and those who were treated with CRS-HIPEC. The study showed that those patients who received systemic chemotherapy had an average survival of 24 months, while those who received CRS-HIPEC had a survival of 63 months.16 Randomised studies and other cohort studies have provided encouraging information on the overall survival in patients who have undergone CRS-HIPEC treatment with or without early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC), as compared to those who obtained systemic

The evaluation looks at these factors in relationship to the cancer’s invasion of other organs, metastases to lymph nodes or beyond and the persistence or recurrence of the cancer

The last two forms of anal cancer are different from the others in that they are skin cancers. The first is basal cell carcinoma. This form of cancer develops in the skin around the anus.

Another study in the Oct. 24 JAMA reports that rectal cancer patients who had conventional laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery experienced similar complication rates and postoperative quality of life. But robot-assisted operations took about 37 minutes longer on average and hiked the average cost from $12,556 to $13,668.

The American Joint Committee on Cancer developed the TNM staging system. The T classification measures the scope of the primary tumor; the N classification measures how much the lymph nodes are affected; and the M classification evaluates metastasis. The T category characterizes the primary tumor as: TX-undefinable, T0-no evidence, Tis- carcinoma in situ, and T1-T4- the measurable scope of the tumor with T4 being the largest. The N category is defined as: NX- not evaluated, N0-no involvement, and N1-N3-regional lymph node involvement measuring the extent with N3 being the worst. The M category is listed as: M0- no metastasis and M1- metastasis. The T, N, and M classifications are then added together to get the more commonly known 0-IV staging. (AJCC,

Fielding LP, Stewart BS, Blesovsky L, and Kearney G. Anastomotic integrity after operations for large bowel cancer: A multi-center study. Br Med J 2013; 281:411-414

According to a research, an overall 5 year survival rate is known to be an exceedingly positive, which is 70% of all cases. If the tumor is in a localized position and does not affect its surrounding tissues, the vitality of cases is 91%. 74% survival rate was recorded among patients with tumors that have grown out reach to connected lymph nodes and its surrounding tissues, while 48% chances of living for those with tumors that has developed to a distinct location from its origin. The figure may vary in the future because of the development of new medical treatments discovered.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in DCIS: where do we stand and review of the literature.