Lymphatic Fluid

A. Compare and contrast afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Describe in one way in which they are similar and one way they are different.

The lymphatic system is very similar, and works with and directly at the side of the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system has a network of vessels like the circulatory system which pump a plasma-like fluid called lymph around it’s own lymph vessels, and are found in most other tissues of the body, except the central nervous system.

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

movement of water in tissues and maintain the fluidity of mucus and other secretions [3].

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Did you know the circulatory system comprises the heart, veins, capillaries and arteries? The system moves pure oxygenated blood in a continuous and controlled way from the lungs and heart so that blood can reaches every cell. Blood travels through a type of network of vessels that include capillaries that permeate every tissue of the body. Once it’s depleted of oxygen, the blood returns to the lungs and heart and the cycle continues.

Treatment is extremely important because when the victims of lymphedema successfully manage their condition, there is a decreased risk of infection (Shier). When people first go to obtain treatment, they will go through two phases. The first phase is attending therapy four to five times per week. At the therapy center, there are manual techniques that are used to manage the symptoms. One remedy that is used is manual lymphatic drainage or massage therapy (Sandu). This is a procedure that aims to move the fluid to healthy regions of the body (Kelty; Stewart, et al.). The skin is gently stretched as the therapist smoothly rubs the connective tissue. This pushes stagnant fluid through the vessels and allows the fluid to be absorbed by the healthy regions of the body (Ferg and Newman; Stewart, et al.). Since each condition is unique, specific hand movements are used for the individual (Stewart, et al.). This treatment is not recommended for people with skin infections, active cancers, blood clots, or congestive heart failure (Mayo Clinic Staff). Another treatment option is correct exercise and diet. Extra weight on the body leaves more room for lymphatic fluid build-up (Lymphedema- Topic Overview). Also, moving the limb while doing light exercises is beneficial. It helps stimulate the extremity and allows vessels to open up to move fluid out of the affected area (Mayo

The lymph vessels are the vessels which carry tissue fluids in your body into the lymph nodes. Certain tumors spread along the lymphatic system, including lymphomas and Hodgkin disease. Lymphangiogram is also used to evaluate people who have swelling in the legs or may have a blockage in the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system is a series of glands found throughout the body, this system is required so cells that a person’s immune system needs can travel around the body.

spleen is a place for immune function, and it kills defective or aged red blood

The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. so basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. So T cells will identify them and kill them.

Lymphatic massage was introduced in the 1930s by Danish physiotherapists Dr. Emil Vodder and his wife (Benjamin, 2010). His wife Astrid Vodder practiced naturopath. Emil Vodder studied at the University of Copenhagen for biology, botany, and mineralogy, later began showing interest in the physical medicine along with the lymphatic system. Vodder knew many scientists who had studied the mysterious “clear water” centuries ago, scientist such as Gaspare Aselli (1581–1626) who discovered the lacteal vessels in the lymphatic system, Jean Pecquet (1622-1674) described the cisterna chyli and the thoracic duct leading to the venous arch (Wittlinger, 2004). Olaus Rudbeck discovered the lymph vessels of the colon and rectum and confirmed that these vessels lead to the cisterna chyli as Aselli had described already. Rudbeck was the first who discovered that the lymph from the tissue runs into lymph vessels and to the thoracic duct back to the blood circulation. In the 18th century it was discovered that the whole body contained lymph vessels and that the task of the lymph vessel system is to absorb tissue liquid. Vodder and his wife moved to Paris, France in 1933 to practice the modality on his patients (Wittlinger, 2004). The concept of lymph drainage by massage therapy is similar to opening a valve of a tube filled with water and allowing the water to flow into another tube to release pressure and alleviate build up in the lymph nodes. The carefully circling pumping movements

Development of Lymphatic Fluid The lymph framework is practically as broad as that of the blood. The flow of lymphatic liquids assumes a key part in freeing the collection of squanders, poisons, and pathogens. The lymph framework additionally profits by rub, especially in conditions where lymphatic stream is impeded by damage or surgery.

The system of circulation transports oxygen, solutes, and metabolites to the issues within the human body but blood never interact with the tissues except the interiors of the cardiovascular system. The tissues are covered in the tissue fluid obtained from the similar composition of the plasma of blood. The tissue fluid is obtained through the actions of different forces. The hydrostatic pressure forces the blood vessels and capillaries into the tissue fluid, which increases the blood pressure with every beat and pump of the heart. This sort of pressure forces the water from the capillaries through the membranes being partially permeable that aligns them. These forms of cells are involved in the facilitation of diffusion of a wide range of

A.5 Lymphatic system consists of lymph,lymph vessels,lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic nodes.Lymph is another type of fluid which is also involved in transportation.Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells,escape into the intercellular spaces through the pores present in the wall of capillaries,form lymph.Lymph is colorless and contains less proteins as compared to that in the blood.