Lytic And Lysogenic Cycle

The biological significance of this article is due in part to the fact that viruses are being considered as partway-living things. Even though they are only halfway living, per se, they are still an important part of the study of living things because of the unique way in which they “live” and continue to reproduce by taking advantage of host cells. The information in this article relates to biologists in that viruses provide an entirely different element of potential life, as they are a cause for reconsideration when it comes to defining and determining life and non-life forms. This

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

Some phages infect bacteria to destroy them, which is called lysic lifestyle, while other phages infect bacteria and stay dormant inside them for a while, which is referred to as a lysogenic lifestyle. A phage infects the bacteria cell by injecting its genetic material into the bacteria’s cytoplasm. This allows the bacteria synthesis process to start making the phage’s genetic code instead of its own. Once the bacteria have made enough phages to handle, the walls will break and release all of the phage that was created. The phages that were made are now resetting the process and beginning again by infecting the other near bacteria by injecting their genetic material once again. Those phages that stay within the bacteria and not burst the bacteria will continue to reproduce the phages own genetic code. (Griffiths,

You would expect for the normal lung cells to not have to divide as often because those cells are not exposed to many things through out the day. The normal stomach cells on the other hand would be expected to divide more because there is a lot of acidity in the stomach and therefore those cells are exposed to a lot of things on a daily basis. As for the ovaries you would expect that there would be a little more cell division because that is where new life is formed and all of the things that come along with that which means that there should be more division going on.

1. The death of a child is especially difficult because it is seen to be out of the normal cycle of life- a child shouldn't die before their parent or grandparent. For couples, the death of a child can change relationship dynamics, as people do not always grieve the same way. Perinatal deaths are extremely difficult because there is more than the death to grieve. Parents grieve the loss of hope and planning for the future; the loss of everything they imagined that their child could and would be. The move from anticipation to heartbreak can be a challenging one, resulting in an experience of grief unique to that type of situation.

Lytic infection is the first lifestyle in which an infection gives rise to progeny virus particles and kills the cell. The second lifestyle is latent infection, which is a cryptic form of infection

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. A cell will spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to pass a critical checkpoint before it can continue into the (S) stage, also called the Synthesis stage. It would be dangerous for a cell to keep dividing if the certain conditions were not met. The cells in this stage also need signals from the other cells to tell the if division is needed. Now the next stage is the Synthesis stage. During this phase the cell makes a copy of it’s nuclear DNA. By the end of the (S) phase DNA appears grainy in photos and the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA. Gap 2, is the third stage of the cell cycle. The cells continue doing there thing and more growth occurs. This phase is like the checkpoint, everything in the cell has to be going right for the cell to be able to enter mitosis.

Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual Type B.

A virus is an infecting agent. Viruses are non-living they need a living host, a living organism to replicate themselves. When it invades a cell it will implant their code that is capable of copying itself. This will cause a detrimental effect, corrupting the system ti its advantage or complete destruction.

The virus starts by getting a host cell and either uses it right away then kills it or kills right away usually they use it first. When the virus invades a body, It collides with the cell that spicks and propherances then they brush against each other and it if they fit together become one. The viruses is also able to hide from the immune system therefore avoiding being killed so it can reproduce. Then the virus gains control of a cell by injecting its genes into the cell and makes it do whatever it wants for the benefits of the virus not the cell. Of course while you have a cell doing the dirty work for you. The viruses make is own offspring/ copies of itself and takes of over and invading surrounding cells.

Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus releases the RNA strand to be replicated and form more viruses until

Every task performed by living organisms like humans and animals requires energy. Energy is needed to perform heavy working and exercise, in addition, human uses a great deal of energy while sleeping. For every action that requires energy, to provide energy to the systems of the body, such as muscles, nerves, heart, and brain needed many chemical reactions. Organisms use energy for things like growing, dividing, making proteins and metabolizing food at which all these processes require cells to make or break chemical bonds. In terms of the 'how', the Krebs cycle which involves the role of (ATP) in energy storage cells. Moreover, animals use sugars produced by plants and other organisms to produce the energy in the form of

Viruses are known as intracellular parasites, and they invade host cells. When they invade, they live inside the cell Daempfle, 2016). Viruses are not living organisms. Viruses sit and wait to be introduced to a host cell. Once they are introduced, they invade into the cell’s nucleus and become energized. Therefore, viruses can not carry out life functions, while outside of a host cell. Nevertheless, viruses are not non-living matter and viruses have genetic material, they make proteins, they mutate, and are able to reproduce. Viruses are most commonly species specific. This means that only one type of virus will infect one type of cell host. It has been deduced by scientists that viruses use the docking system to attach to host cells. However,

A virulent virus is more severe, the cell of the living host is completely taken over by the viral genome. Once inside the host cell, the viral genome replicates and kills the host cell upon exit. An example of this is HIV. HIV is a virus that presents immunodeficiency, the immune system being comprised results in a weakened ability to fight off infection. HIV is transmitted through blood and some bodily fluids (NHS 2014). The virion RNA integrates with the host DNA producing replications of the viral RNA, these replications form buds on the outer membrane of the host cell, these detach from the host cell and find new cells to infect, the host cell is eventually destroyed.

By doing this, a chronic virus is recognised as a “self-cell” during the process of opsonisation; ultimately escaping phagocytosis. The article describes that these proteins are replicas of the host cell receptor proteins but are redesigned to suit the virus. A virus can utilise these decorated proteins to an even greater degree by allowing them to open intercellular pathways through the cells membrane to ease the transfer of adhesions and nutrients. Some viruses can undergo the process of antigenic variation. This mechanism explains how some viruses, especially RNA viruses, are able to mutate to form multiple gene expressions which can outpace the process of opsonisation and specific antibody production. Some viruses are eradicated while others escape. The article further highlights that certain viruses, most significantly the chronic ones, are able to induce Natural Killer (NK) cell deregulation. By modifying the function of NK cells, viruses are able to intercept the cell’s utilisation of receptor-mediated recognition, effector cascades and activation pathways that are possibly for cytokines.