MANET: A Mobile Had Hoc Network

A routing protocol is required to find routes between nodes within the network. We are presenting two different routing protocols and their evaluation and then provide a comparison and discussion of their respective advantages and drawbacks. ABR (Associativity Based Routing) and RSR (Robust Source Routing) protocol. In ABR protocol, a route is selected based on nodes having associativity states that imply periods of stability. The ABR protocol is suitable for mobility in ad hoc wireless networks. Whereas the RSR is secure, on-demand, multi –path, source routing protocol.

Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF): Geographic Adaptive Fidelity is an energy-aware location based routing algorithm planned for mobile ad-hoc networks but has been used to WSNs. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity conserving energy by switching off redundant sensors nodes. In this routing protocol, the entire network is classified into number of static zones and a virtual grid is made for the covered region. Every node utilizes its GPS-indicated location to link itself with a point in the virtual grid. Nodes linked to the same point on the grid are assumed equivalent with respect to packet routing costs. Nodes within a zone cooperate by choosing one node to show the zone for a period of time whereas the rest of the nodes sleep. A sample situation is considered from

The Hierarchical Power Aware Routing (HPAR) is a power aware routing protocol that divides the network into a group of sensors called zones [12]. In this, the cluster zones are formatted, then the decision is made that how message is routed so the battery life can be maximized. This protocol provides an approximation algorithm called max-min ZPmin algorithm. In this algorithm by applying Dijkshtra algorithm the path who consumes less power is found. Then the second path is found that maximizes the minimal residual power. The advantage is that it provides both transmission power and maximizes battery

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

To route a packet to the target region, GEAR protocol uses geographically informed neighbor selection and energy awareness heuristics for packet routing. Whereas, in a region, a technique named recursive geographic forwarding is used to disseminate the packet. In general, this protocol is applicable for ad-hoc networks. Packet forwarding consists of two phases:

The technological developments that have enabled ad-hoc networks are divided into two major groups; the first group is the devices that are small and light

Unfortunately, it is a big overhead to maintain routing tables in the mobile ad hoc network

With the increasing dependency on wireless networks, the need for proper reliability analysis for Mobile ad hoc networks (Manets) is also increasing. Failure of Manets in areas like warfare, nuclear reactors, medical equipment and airplanes can lead to catastrophe. Unlike traditional networks, measuring the reliability of Manets is a tedious task as it involves dynamically changing topology. The existing methods for calculating reliability use two terminal analysis as the basis for calculation. It uses the same method used for traditional computer networks to calculate reliability. However, the method is not very efficient when it comes to the wireless networks as they are far different from traditional networks. It is also a time consuming task to identify all the nodes and links in a wireless network as nodes move freely in the network. In This paper, We are going to discuss about NLN(Node-Link-Node) technique which reduces the complexity of analyzing the reliability in Manets.

MANETs (Mobile ad-hoc network) is defined as autonomous collection of wireless mobile nodes that are self-configure to construct a network that can communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.

The Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) is a table-based distance-vector routing protocol. Each node in the network maintains a Distance table (DT), a Link-Cost table, a Routing table and a Message Retransmission list. The DT contains the network observation of the neighbours of a node. It contains a matrix where each element contains the distance and the one

Reactive routing protocols were designed to reduce the overheads by maintaining information for active routes at each node [8]. This means that each node determined and maintained routes only, when it requires sending data to a particular destination. It using two main mechanisms for route establishment: Route discovery and Route maintenance [17, 25]. Route discovery mechanism uses two messages: Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP).

Where as, in the multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks, one or more intermediate nodes are present, which receive and forward packets through the wireless links. These networks’ have several advantages as compared to the single local wireless links like improved connectivity, extended coverage, less power and energy, cost effective higher data rates and more efficiency.

MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a infrastructure less network and connected without wired in the network. It is self-determine in any direction and also changes the connections from one system to other system. The MANETs are mobile and is a type of wireless ad-hoc network that has routable networking on top of the link layer. It contained peer to peer file sharing, self-healing, and self-forming the network.

MANET [5] is the main area of research because of some challenges and issues that still exist in the network. MANET is the type’s wireless network in which each node communicates with other node via wireless medium.

Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications. While the predominant way to access the Internet is still cable or fiber, an increasing number of users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at home at work or on the move. For instance, they want to compare prices on the web while shopping at the local department store, access Internet “navigation” aids from their car, read e-mail while riding a bus or hold a project review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile Internet is not new. When the packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the ad hoc protocols must self-configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. What emerges from these characteristics if the vision of an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust and formidable network architecture. Because of its mobile, non-infrastructure nature, the ad hoc network poses new design requirements. The first is self-configuration (of addresses and routing) in the expression of mobility. At the function level, ad hoc network users typically communicate and collaborate as teams. These applications thus require efficient group