MCI Working Memory

Memory is divided into three categories. These categories consist of: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory, out of these short term memory is the main focus in this essay. It has been widely researched due to interest of how much memory can be stored, how long this memory can be stored for and what information is memorised.

c) Age-related cognitive impairment (or mild cognitive impairment MCI) – is when an elderly person’s memory starts to wane and they have problems recalling their short term memories, they have difficulty learning new things, their thinking process starts to become reduced and have difficulty concentrating. It is thought that MCI can develop due to alcohol abuse and cognitive decline (poor diet, chronic inflammation, vascular disease and

In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store.

The main point of the article is to view the connection between Working Memory Capacity (WMC) and concussions. It starts off by introducing the concept of WMC, and it proceeds to explain its importance in athletics. The article then branches out to take statistics on concussion data based on AOSPAN scores, gender, and sport. The article finishes by comparing said data and providing the conclusion that WMC does not differ between athletes regardless of the contact level of their sport or their previous concussion history.

The participants will be given The Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) devised by Gathercole and Pickering (2001). This test consists of four tasks which include

There are categories of brain dementia, which are cortical and subcortical. Subcortical dementia is marked by motor disruption. An example of subcortical dementia would be parkinson’s disease. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s is an example of cortical dementia, which as previously established is marked by memory loss. Although Alzheimer’s is classified as cortical dementia, it eventually destroys cells in all four lobes of the brain thus resulting in motor disruption as well. The ventricles, the fluid filled spaces in the brain begin to enlarge as the disease develops. The symptoms of memory loss and impaired cognitive functioning in Alzheimer’s disease can be attributed to damage in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The earliest detection

As the population keeps aging, Alzheimer 's Disease (AD) is becoming a more significant public health issue. The prevalence of AD is expected to reach 34 million worldwide by 2025 (Mount 2006) and with the aging demographic, early diagnosis and treatment of AD is gaining importance. Cognitive decline and altered brain function related to AD has been shown to be present years before the clinical onset of the disorder through functional brain imaging techniques (Prvulovic 2011). Emphasis has been on detection of AD in its preclinical stages to provide early interventions for the patients. Since Fuld et al.(1990) 's study suggesting that the examination of cognitive functioning in non demented older adults is predictive of prospective dementia, countless studies have attempted to devise reliable methods of detecting cognitive changes and risk factors in preclinical populations.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and accounts for more than half of the dementia cases. The disease was named after German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Increased levels of protein inside and outside the brain’s nervous cells make it hard to stay healthy, causing them to deteriorate and eventually die. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. Eventually, the size of the hippocampus will become smaller from lack of cell growth. An MRI

Alzheimer’s disease, first described in 1907, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (Ramachandran, 2016). This disease gets worse gradually over time. People, predominantly women, are expected to live approximately eight to ten years after diagnosed (Bird, 2015). According to the Alzheimer’s Disease Association, there are approximately three million cases in the United States each and every year alone (Association®, 2016). People with Alzheimer’s disease suffer from a wide range of difficult incurable problems. Alzheimer’s disease is believed to prevent correct workflow of the 100 billion nerve cells in the human brain. Oxygen sluggishly being supplied to the brain causes several Alzheimer indicators to occur; memory loss, behavior changes, slurred speech, poor judgment, and hallucinations. According to Bird, 95% of patients with Alzheimer’s are over the age of sixty-five (Bird, 2015). At the age of sixty-five individuals brain activity starts to slow causing build-ups.

To record the participant's response times, for completing each condition, accurate to the nearest second, a stop watch was used. The stimuli for both conditions contained a list of six words, with condition two's being matched in length and the first letter . Condition one contained six colour-associated words and condition two contained six colour neutral words. Each word in both conditions was displayed five times in a matched randomised order within two columns on A4 paper. All words were printed in one of six colours, which were matched randomised. An example of the both conditions stimuli is provided in Appendix 2. Consent forms were completed by each

Alzheimer’s disease is six out of the ten leading causes of death in the U.S. and five out of the ten leading causes of death in elderly people over the age of 65. AD diagnosis occurs through postmortem detection of pathology in neural tissue. The risk of getting AD comes within age. Individuals with MCI are at risk of progression to getting AD. Close to 15 percent of adults above the age 65 are diagnosed with MCI, and more than half of them develop AD more quickly. MCI adults can regain cognitive function by exercising, eating healthy, reducing cholesterol intake, and by working the memory by practicing challenging cognitive tasks. Working memory is a system that underpins cognitive activities ranging from attention to a specific stimulus

• Condition 1 – 25 participants were given a printed grid of 30 random words and given 2 minutes to memorise them. Participants were seated at a table/desk in a quiet room. After learning there is then a 2 minute pause after which participants were given a further 2 minutes in which to recall the words.

An estimated 24 million people worldwide have dementia, the majority of whom are thought to have Alzheimer's disease. Thus, Alzheimer's disease represents a most important public health apprehension and has been recognized as a research priority. It begins with memory loss of trouble with language skills and increase into irritability and angry outbursts. Because of its degenerative nature the disease leads to full blown dementia and loss of even basic motor skills as the patient drifts further and further away from their more natural and normal selves. Recent developments in neuroimaging techniques provide great potentials for effective diagnosis of Alzheimer ’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Previous studies have shown that

Alzheimer’s disease is the biggest cause of senile dementia in Europe and the United States affecting nearly 36 million people worldwide (Prince, Albanese, Guerchet & Prina, 2014). It is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, severely affecting the temporal and frontal lobes, and in particular the limbic structures contained within these regions (Hooper & Vogel, 1976). Such structures include the hippocampus (contributing particularly to spatial memory (Schmajuk, 1984) and the amygdalae, both of which are primarily affected (Chan et al, 2001). As such, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by a progressive cognitive impairment, usually beginning with memory loss and progressing further to involve multiple cognitive and

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.