MD Anderson Liver Summary

As the Directors at Sharp Reese Medical Facility it is important to raise awareness about the importance of the liver to the human body and the many important functions that it performs for the body such as digestion and the filtration of toxins and drugs from

Birt, D. F.; Pelling, J. C.; Nair, S., and Lepley, D. Diet intervention for modifying cancer risk. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1996; 395:223-34.

Doctor prescribed RX drugs to proven addicts in Liver Pool, England takes a controversial approach to the war against drugs. During the 1980’s the drug use in England had tripled and the western approach to prevention was not working; they needed to find a different means to an end. The research they had done showed half of all drug addicts choose to become sober within a ten-year span but the lifestyle associated with addiction had lifelong ramifications. The new method requires urine sample provided evidence to confirm the use of illicit drugs for each individual, as well as remaining free of criminal behavior, in order to continuously receive prescriptions for their drug of choice. They hold seminars for intravenous drug users to learn proper techniques to minimize potential harm caused during injection and safe needle disposal. By providing safe doses of fore mentioned drugs without the extremely harmful filler used on the streets, affordable prices due to the prescriptions, the steps taken to teach safer use, and the clause preventing criminal activity a significant amount of addicts are able to live productive lives.

The sample and setting for the 4-CBCS study consisted of NHW, Hispanic, and Native American women, who were selected from a state tumor registry between the ages of 25-79 years old, who resided in non-reservation areas in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, or Utah at time of diagnosis. “Controls were selected with target age populations from sources ranging from commercial mailing lists to driver’s license lists, and frequency matched on ethnicity and 5-year age distribution of cases” (Kim et al., 2016, p. 2). The study’s instruments included a structured computer questionnaire given by trained interviews, done in both English and Spanish. It asked the participants about dietary intake for the year prior to diagnosis and height and weight was taken at the time of the interview. For the control group, information was collected on dietary intake for the year prior to being selected for the control group. Participation was 63% for Hispanic cases and 36% for the control, and 71% for NHW and 47% for the control (Kim et al., 2016).

In several clinical cohorts, it has been shown that chronic hepatitis C is a main leading cause of cirrhosis and HCC, which is the third cause of cancer deaths worldwide (EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2011).

It is diagnosed at the later stage of the disease and the average survival rate after diagnosis is 6 to 20 months.9 Currently, HCC can be treated by surgical removal. However, this treatment in not applicable to majority patients because of the cancer extent or underlying liver dysfunction. Other treatment options include liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation, precutaneous ethanol or acetic acid ablation. The side effects of this treatment include pain, fever, intraperitoneal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, blood clot, infection, mental confusion, diabetes, high blood pressure

Although, LB is still considered the gold standard procedure to measure the severity and nature of liver diseases 7,8. It can assess the response of the treatment in chronic hepatitis , and specific for grading (necroinflammatory activity) and staging (fibrosis) in most patients, also for evaluating steatosis which facilitate the accurate diagnosis and the therapeutic outcome 9. Advantage and disadvantage of liver biopsy depend on the type of LB technique. There are different methods to obtain the tissue. Among them, percutaneous biopsy is the most commonly used. Others, such as transjugular biopsy and laparoscopic biopsy, are only used in specific situations 7,8. A study done in Calgary estimated the rate of using LB to be 4275 liver biopsies from 1994 to 2002, among a total of 3627 patients. The study found that the annual rate was 54.8 per 100,000 population. 0.75 % of the patients had complications related to biopsy (1994–1997 vs. 1998–2002: 1.28 vs. 0.44%; P = 0.003). The most significant complications identified by this study were pain, bleeding, hypotension, fever and death due to prolonged bleeding

tive). In the wild, these species have been observed consuming tannin containing leaves, tree bark, and flowers as a significant part of their diet. Naturally, tannins reduce the availability and absorption of iron in the body. It's in question that whether these tannin consuming species have possibly evolutionized to develop an effective iron absorption mechanism or if they could spare the regulation mechanism, as excessive iron uptake would not occur in nature.

FTY720 treatment reduces liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is a sequel of chronic liver injury and inflammation; therefore, we asked if FTY720 treatment reversed fibrosis in addition to the observed reduction in liver injury and inflammation. Fibrosis was assessed by picro-sirius red staining for collagen accumulation in the liver. The control group (FFC-fed, saline treated) mice livers demonstrated the typical peri-cellular (chicken wire) fibrosis observed in murine and human NASH (Fig. 6A). This was reduced in the treated group (Fig. 6B). Consistent with the histologic data, there was a reduction in fibrogenic gene expression in the liver. Alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a marker of activated hepatic stellate cells, and tissue inhibitor

Define the stage of the disease is very important for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up . There are many ways for assessing the degree of liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy was the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis, but now it is of limited value because it is so invasive, its high cost, poor acceptance, risk of complications, and intra/inter-observer variability (Poynard et al.,2007). During the different stages of fibrosis , there are excessive amounts of extracellular matrix of various biomarkers changed and new biomarkers appeared in the serum (Jarcuska et al.,2010 and Baranova et al. 2011).

Cirrhosis refers to a combination of liver diseases that interfere with the normal function of the liver after destroying liver structures. The disease causes the formation of scar tissue in the liver that kills liver cells thereby causing inflammation (Fabris 716). The cells that have survived would tend to multiply rapidly to replace the dead cells. It results to regenerative nodules in the scar due to clustering of the newly formed liver cells. Cirrhosis is caused in varied ways that range from the chemical cause like alcohol to viruses. Besides, heavy and toxic metals like mercury, lead, copper and iron cause cirrhosis if they accumulate in the liver. The liver is a detoxicating organ of the body that purify

It is a largest internal organ and largest gland in human body. It weighs about 3-4 lbs. Its two major cell types are Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. The major function of liver is to produce, store and excretion of bile. It also helps in digestion and removes poisonous substances from body. Signs and symptoms of liver disease include but not limited to Jaundice (yellowish skin), abdominal and lower legs swelling, dark urine, loss of appetite and vomiting. Hepatitis viruses are one of the major causes of liver infection. Most common liver tests are serum bilirubin, serum albumin, International normalized ratio (INR), alanine transaminase and 5`- nucleotidase test. Several liver biopsies are also performed to obtain tissue samples. The three basic types of liver biopsies are percutaneous, transjugular and laparoscopic. These procedures are performed with the help of medical imaging modalities. The focus of the remaining paper will be on most common percutaneous liver biopsy. (Lynn, 2016,

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the second cause of cancer-related mortality in eastern and western countries [1]. Each year, >700,000 patients diagnosed as HCC and morbidity rates of HCC continue to increase, possibly due to deterioration of environment, unhealthy dietary habits and other related factors [2].

One of the indispensable organs in the human's body is the liver. It's extremely hard to live without a sound liver because of its impacts about every organ in the human body. The fundamental characteristic of disease that influence the liver are focal liver diseases and diffused liver diseases. The diffused liver diseases harm the whole liver surface, for example cirrhotic and fatty. Focal liver diseases which affect the small area of the liver surface, such as Carcinoma (HCC), Hemangioma (Hem), and Cyst. The Figure 2 represents the US images of the three focal liver diseases of the liver.

The liver is a vital organ that supports most other organs. A human being cannot survive without a healthy liver. The liver is the body’s largest gland and organ, and is made of five parts called the left lobe, the right lobe, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe, and the coronary ligament that connects the four lobes. At the bottom of the coronary ligament are four parts called the left triangular ligament, the right triangular ligament, the falciform ligament and the ligamentum teres. The four lobes are made out of 16 segments, which are each made of 1,000 lobules. The lobules are connected to little ducts which connect to larger ducts which make the common hepatic duct. There are also the bile ducts that form the biliary tree which carry bile the liver makes to the bile canaliculi.