MIF and Autoinmmune Liver Disease

Metabolism and genetics also participate in cirrhosis for example abnormal collection of iron (hemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson's disease) in the liver causing injury, scarring and cirrhosis. Further cause of cirrhosis is the Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis that happens when the immune system attacks the liver and causes inflammation, damage, and cirrhosis. Drugs and chemicals also cause injury of the liver.

How Drinking Causes Gut Microbe Imbalance Linked to Liver Disease is an article that builds on the common knowledge that alcohol consumption damages the liver. The liver is the organ in the body that filters out everything in your bloodstream that may harm you, for example alcohol. It also produces a substance called bile that breaks down lipids. For these reasons, the liver is a very important organ in the digestive system in the body and this article shows how alcohol damages it.

The liver is the largest gland and second largest organ in the human body. It is also the only internal organ capable of regeneration following injury. Located in the abdominal cavity, this reddish brown organ is divided into lobes of different size and shape. The liver plays a critical role in metabolism, digestion, elimination, and detoxification, among other processes. This organ performs a surprisingly large number of functions that influence virtually all other body systems. This is why diseases of the liver can be so devastating. One class of chronic diseases affecting the liver is cirrhosis. (Kasper, 2008)

The liver is the second largest organ of the body and is located on the upper right side of the

In this article in Medical News Today Ohio State University is developing technology for keeping liver cells alive and functioning normally inside bioartificial liver assist devices (BLAD). These devices allow people who are suffering from liver failure to survive while their own liver cells regenerate, or receive a liver transplant. The person's blood or plasma circulates through the device . Andre Palmer a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Ohio State developed a way to chemically modify and package hemoglobin, which is red blood cells that transports oxygen to liver cells in order for them to survive. The body's liver cells are naturally exposed to a different oxygen concentrations called oxygen gradient. Reproducing that oxygen gradient inside bioartificial liver assist device is difficult. In his experiment his solution for producing this gradient has been to create different kinds of hemoglobin .

Moreover, previous studies have shown that excessive infiltration of intratumoral regulatory T cells (Tregs) obstruct antitumor immune response, augmented HCC invasiveness and lowering patients survival (14, 15). Th17 cells, characterized by the transcription factor RORγt and production of cytokines IL- 17A and IL-17F, have been associated with different chronic diseases (16), suggesting its role in pro-inflammatory response, and in some types of cancers, in the promotion of tumorigenesis (17, 18). Notably, Intra-tumoral IL-17-producing cells have been correlated with poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients (19), and blockade of IL-17A prevented the development of HCC in mouse models (20, 21). Increased tumor angiogenesis and rapid HCC disease progression have been associated with a very tight interplay between neutrophils recruitment/activation and the density of Th17 cells (22). Moreover, It has been established a crosstalk between HCC tumor-activated monocytes/macrophages in the peritumoral region of HCC tumors and the proliferation capacity of functional Th17 cells (23). Another significant aspect of IL-17 biology is its involvement in liver injury. IL-17 producing cells have been correlated with worsening fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis (24) and non-alcoholic disease (25).

The progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, the end-point of CLDs, is distinguished by a prolonged inflammatory and fibrogenic process that leads to an abnormal angioarchitecture distinctive for cirrhosis. Several mechanisms are responsible for the angiogenic switch during the pathogenesis of CLDs. First, CLDs are characterised by chronic inflammation. Increased intrahepatic vascular resistance is primarily caused by anatomical changes, such as fibrotic scar tissue compressing portal and central venules. In addition, the formation of fibrotic septa, as well as sinusoidal capillarisation, can result in an increased resistance to blood flow and oxygen delivery. This results in hypoxia and the transcription of hypoxia-sensitive pro-angiogenic

Define the stage of the disease is very important for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up . There are many ways for assessing the degree of liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy was the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis, but now it is of limited value because it is so invasive, its high cost, poor acceptance, risk of complications, and intra/inter-observer variability (Poynard et al.,2007). During the different stages of fibrosis , there are excessive amounts of extracellular matrix of various biomarkers changed and new biomarkers appeared in the serum (Jarcuska et al.,2010 and Baranova et al. 2011).

Chronic liver failure from an inability for the organ to repair itself from repeated injury and scarring that remains permanent. Alcoholic liver disease is the 2nd most common diagnoses for liver transplant, however many candidates must abstain from alcohol for a required period in addition to adhering to an abuse program. Metabolic liver disease is a non- alcoholic steatohepatitis where inflammation and scarring can occur from a development of fatty liver not related to alcohol but rather obesity or disorders such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Autoimmune liver disease or (AIH) autoimmune hepatitis where the patient’s own immune needs to be suppressed to prevent destruction of the liver (Tan, 730). Vascular liver disease results in poor blood flow or clotting of hepatic veins and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in which liver transplantation will unquestionably cure HCC so long that the cancer does not spread beyond the liver (Bryce,

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is introduced as the fifth most common tumor and also the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths all around the world. Carcinogenesis of HCC is a multistep and complex process; it is known that multiple risk factors, such as chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, carcinogen exposure, cirrhosis and a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms, subscribe to hepatocarcinogenesis.Chronic HCV patients are susceptible to hepatic inflammation, developing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Such a case does not depend on virus genotype or viral load

There are several important progress have been achieved in understanding of pathogenesis of LF disease, which primarily based on animal experiments and biopsy from the patients.

Despite the scientific progress in the field of liver disorders, hepatic fibrosis still remains a major medical problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Liver fibrosis is a reversible response that occurs in almost all pathological conditions associated with chronic hepatic injury (Malhi and Gores 2007). After a chronic liver injury of any etiology, the damaged hepatocytes, their membrane components, metabolites of toxic agents, and infiltrating inflammatory cells activate Kupffer cells, which release a number of soluble agents, including cytokines, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and endothelin- 1 (ET-1), as

“When certain viruses affect the liver, they cause hepatitis, an inflammatory disease marked by necrosis of hepatocytes and a mononuclear response that swells and disrupts the liver architecture. This pathologic change interferes with the livers excretion of bile pigments such as bilirubin into the intestine. When bilirubin, a greenish yellow pigment, accumulates in the blood and tissues, it causes jaundice”. (Cowan, 2013) Hepatitis A was first discovered in 1973 by a man named Steven M. Feinstone. It was a non-enveloped, spherical, positive stranded RNA virus. Hepatitis was an unidentified viral disease before this discovery was made. There are conditions that are non-infectious that also cause inflammation and disease in the liver. They are things like alcoholism, autoimmune conditions and drug

In this connection, the role of the macrophage has already been highlighted. An additional factor limiting the regression of established fibrosis is the previously mentioned increased survival of activated myofibroblasts. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic pathways is a hallmark of chronic myofibroblast activation and, for example, expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma gene-2 (Bcl-2) is markedly evident in myofibroblast-like cells that are present in areas of fibrosis in liver tissue obtained from patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. It is, therefore, plausible that long-term fibrogenesis is characterized, in addition to the biochemical evolution of scar tissue and the lack of appropriate degradation machinery, by the immovability of a critical mass of profibrogenic cells (Iredale,

In addition, liver related disease and biological functions showed particular enrichment for liver fibrosis and cell death (Figure 4b).