MMPI Research Proposal

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the leading causes of disability and work absence globally, affecting not just the individual, but also extending to families, communities and society at large. Whilst the prevalence of LBP is high, with over 70 percent of people experiencing some LBP at some point during their lives, most will resolve within a few months (Campbell et al, 2013). Problems arise when pain persists beyond the expected period of healing or when it exceeds 12 weeks in duration. An estimated 40 percent of people who present with acute LBP continue to report symptoms after 3 months and

Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition worldwide; approximately 50-80% of adults suffer from LBP at least once during their lives [1, 2]. LBP represents a major health problem because of its prevalence, high probability of recurrence, consequences, and healthcare cost [3-6]. LBP has physical, psychological, and economic impacts on individuals. Furthermore, LBP is still the primary cause of absenteeism and disability in every industrialized society [226].

A majority of the nurses and transportation workers had a less than 5 years of experience at work. Years of experience did not seem to have a significant association with low back pain. This differed with Rahman et al. [12] who observed that job tenure along with awkward posture can cause low back pain. The prevalence of low back pain among nurses and transportation workers was analyzed in the study. The crude odds ratio of nursing reporting back pain was (OR 1.633) and transportation workers (OR 1.156). Furthermore, the association between the low back pain in the past 3 months persisted after controlling for overexertion, high demand, low control, being harassed at work, the White race, married and having more than one minor child. As the majority of the nursing workforce comprised of females, being married and having children seemed to increase the low back pain as in addition to their jobs they have to take care of house and kids. [11]. About 13.59% nurses had more than one job which could contribute to low back pain especially if the other job is also physically demanding. A majority of nurse reported low back pain, however, they did not perceive the pain as work-related. Less than 1% discussed the low back pain with their doctors. The reason could be that with intermittent pain, nurses try to take medications regularly to alleviate the pain. [10] However, medications only provide short-term relief,

Validity: Overall the study is valid but limited as the study examined individual patients as a single case making the ability to generalize limited. The foremost dilemma with the study is the challenge in determining the difference in scores that correspond directly to a clinically important modification. The ability of the VAS to detect significant changes relies heavily on an established baseline as a standard to compare future data. Throughout the duration of the study, patients were asked frequently to complete the VAS and RMQ, this may possibly lead to learning effects which may impact the results of the pain and functional status

Low back pain is a highly prevalent socioeconomic health issue in the world we live in today and one of the top causes of disability - affecting work performance and the overall quality of life for many. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that out of 289 health conditions, low back pain ranked number one in terms of disability (YLDs - Years Lived with Disability), and sixth in terms of overall burden (DALYs - Disability-Adjusted Life Years) (Lancet, 2012). It is estimated that 60% to 70% of the industrialized population will experience non-specific (most common type) low back pain in their lifetimes with a one-year prevalence of 15% to 45%, adults occurring 5% per year (Taimela, Kujala, Salminen, Viljanen, 1997, 1132-1136). Children and adolescents have a lower prevalence rate than adults, but is rapidly on the rise (Balague, Troussier, Salminen, 1999, 429-438).

Search strategies for this review will be established to access both published and unpublished materials. Firstly, a search of the literatures will be conducted using numerous online databases. Similarly, a range of research methods that assist in finding appropriate journal articles will be utilised. These include consideration about which topics that most define chronic low back pain management and different interventions used for management of this condition. Further, to ensure whether the study is appropriate and relevant to the research question, both an inclusion and exclusion criteria will be considered. Thus, articles will be included if they meet the following principles: published between 2002 and 2016, articles related to nursing and health professionals, and written in the English language and Peer-reviewed articles as well.

Back pain is one of the most common health complaints in the United States and around the world. Back pain affects 8 out of 10 people at some point during their lives.1 One quarter of the US adult population describes having low back pain at least one day over a three month period; 7.6% of the population reported severe acute low back pain in a one year period. 2 In a survey conducted by the National Institute of Health Statistics, 28.4% population reported low back pain as the leading source of pain. 3

Low back pain is a prevalent condition in which people seek medical care. Even after receiving medial treatment, a large number of people will continue to experience back pain 3 months later.1 After experiencing low back pain for 3 months, the condition is then referred to as chronic. Chronic conditions can lead to problems at work, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. Physical therapists are providers that are commonly sought for their services to help treat chronic low back pain. The way physical therapists interact and develop a therapeutic alliance with patients has been a topic of studies. There have also been studies that research how a positive therapeutic alliance can have an effect on treatment outcomes with patients with chronic low back pain.

The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test is used to assess the normal distribution of the pain intensity before conducting subsequent statistical tests. Data analysis is performed using mixed models with two-sided, with a type I error set as .05. Concerning the primary objective, the comparison between randomized groups will be performed using ANOVA with a baseline score as a covariate. The correlation between baseline and follow-up scores is also calculated (Vickers, 2001). In the secondary analysis, chi-square is carried out to express the frequencies of adverse effects and response rate. Also, A paired student test is suggested to evaluate the pain reduction within the two groups. Sensitivity analysis will be proposed to assess the robustness of the data based on the pattern-mixture and selection

Low back pain (LBP) is defined as pain in the back between the bottom of the rib cage and buttock creases (National Guideline Centre UK, 2016). It is the most common cause of referral to a physical therapist and is one of the leading causes of disability (Hayden et al., 2005). It is estimated that LBP has a lifetime prevalence of 80% (Breivik et al., 2006), is the leading cause of years lived with disability in both developed and developing countries, and sixth in terms of overall disease burden (Hoy et al., 2014). More significantly, 62% of people experiencing LBP for the first time will develop chronic symptoms lasting longer than one year (Hestbaek, Leboeuf-Yde and Manniche, 2003). Furthermore 90% of these chronic low back pain

Introduction: Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) can help improve patient-care provider communication and may be used to inform interdisciplinary care for Low Back Pain (LBP). To garner potential benefits of using PROMs, clinicians need to be able to integrate PROMs into their clinical workflow and interpret scores to support treatment planning. Professional interventions tailored to implementation barriers may enhance clinicians to increase the routine use of PROMs.

Low-back pain is currently a major public health and economic problem particularly in developed countries (Maniadakis and Gray 2000). It is estimated that 70 to 85% of UK citizens have experienced back pain in their lives, either persistent or recurrent and that the annual healthcare cost of back pain is approximately £1632 million (Andersson 1999). Of the 70-85% of patients with low-back pain, 4.4% suffer from sciatica, 3.1% male and 1.3% female (Heliövaara 1989). Evidence suggests that occupations that involve physical and manual activities including materials handling and lifting, have one of the highest rates of reported sciatica (Konstantinou et al. 2008). This essay will explore the anatomy, aetiology, ergonomics and treatment of sciatica and the prevalence in manual workers.

The American Academy of Pain Management (AAPM) stated that yearly, millions of people suffer from acute or chronic pain, which exacts a tremendous cost in health care costs, rehabilitation, and lost worker productivity along with an emotional and financial burden on people and their families (n.d.). According to the AAPM, the costs of unrelieved pain are more than just the physical pain as unrelieved pain can result in longer hospital stays, increased rate of re-hospitalization, increased outpatient visits, and decreased ability to function fully leading to lost income and insurance coverage due to inability to work (n.d). The AAPM (n.d) reports the most commonly reported chronic pain conditions as low back pain (27%), headache or migraine pain (15%), neck pain (15%), and

If the collateral is a consumer good, the creditor does not need to file a UCC-1 nor take possession of any goods to become a perfect security interest. In a purchase-money security interest (PMSI) of consumer goods, the interest is perfected as soon as it is attached; this is also known as automatic perfection. A PMSI is the most important type of security interest that is perfected and is immediately effective upon attachment. A PMSI would generally involve buying an item on credit from a seller and the seller would be the secured party. Another PMSI circumstance is a debtor using the loan he had taken from a bank to buy an item from a seller, in this situation; the bank will be the secured party. Anyone of the two circumstances in buying

There were statistically significant but weak correlation coefficients for satisfaction with pain level and current (rs=-.34, p=<.01), least (rs=-.24, p=<.01) and worst (rs=-.34 p=.<.01) pain intensity. Also, there was a weak linear correlation between satisfaction with pain level and API (rs=-.36, p=.01) (Table 4).