MRI-Based Restriction Spectrum Imaging

All MR images were evaluated in T2WI and DWI for site, size, and signal intensity of the

Water can enter the cell in order to balance the amount inside to the amount of the environment. This is passive due to the fact that it happens without any external energy.

BSP, S. (2010). How is EM different from light microscopy? Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://bsp.med.harvard.edu/node/222

Combination of calculated ADC values from tumoral core and specific metabolite ratios obtained by MR spectroscopy add more information to MR imaging in the differentiation and grading of brain tumors and more useful together than each alone. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging has superior diagnostic performance in diagnosis of glioma grades compared with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)

A cover slip is added and filter paper is used to absorb any excess liquid. We then drew our observation by observing cells under 40X then 100X and then high power 400x using a microscope. In addition, for a slide 3, we placed 1 drop of 10% Sodium Chloride solution onto the slide with the drop of blood. Then we added a cover slip, observed cells under a microscope and observation is made. Lastly, for a slide 4, 1 drop of distilled water is placed onto the slide with the drop of blood. Due to excess liquid, filter paper is used to remove the unnecessary liquid. Then the slide is placed under 40X then 100X and then higher 400X power in a microscope to investigate the diffusion through living

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging modality that has shown promise in tumor depiction, but it is unable to provide detailed high spatial resolution images (5-7).

parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, which is dependent on the material being imaged, then can be determined to show the amount of water movement. Because molecules diffuse in three dimensions, diffusion weighted images can be obtained along the X, Y, and Z planes. These images then can be averaged to produce a more accurate measurement. In each of the three planes, two strong dephasing and rephasing gradient pulses are added to a standard MRI pulse sequence at varying degrees of strength. The bright areas show the volume of the brain that may be damaged. Strong magnetic field gradients are used to separate fast and slow moving water molecules. The strength and duration of these gradient pulses are much stronger than those used with standard imaging sequences. The degree of diffusion weighting depends on the region of interest as well as the time between the diffusion gradients.

Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) uses information achieved from DTI to map white matter tracts (Meoded et al., 2011). Tractography can be used to evaluate selected neural pathways using two different fiber tracking algorithms (Panigrahy, Borzage, & Blüml, 2010). Data acquired in tractography produces a

Aim 1: Implementation of tissue phantoms to quantify and analyze the PA signal of multiple NIR Ca2+ indicators. Various NIR Ca2+ indicators (excitation wavelength) (i.e. CaTM-2 (597 nm), ACnlR (635 nm), CaSiR-1 (650 nm), and Ca-NIR (709 nm)9) will be loaded into two tissue phantoms (one synthesized to mimic soft and cranial-bone tissue, and another to mimic only soft tissue). Their PA signal will be analyzed while exposing them to varying concentrations of Ca2+ (0 nM, 50 nM, 250 nM, 500 nM, 1 µM, and 2 µM), representative of non-potentiated astrocytes (~50-250 nM), and potentiated astrocytes (~1-2 µM). PAI will allow for the analysis of both image resolution (via varying reconstruction protocols), and exact PA signal strength analysis across all Ca2+ concentrations (via ANOVA table). The purpose for this aim, is to test the hypothesis and

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate and diagnose chordoma. While MRI is done in conjunction with other modalities like computed tomography (CT) to obtain data, studies have shown that there are advantages to MRI not seen in CT. One of them is using diffusion-weighted MRI to assess and differentiate chordoma from other cranial tumors that have “overlapping presentations and anatomic imaging features” such as chondrosarcoma (Yeom et al, 1056). Diffusion-weighted MRI uses the motion of particles in fluid within voxels to measure cellular density and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. In a study, Dr. Kristen Yeom and colleagues examined patients with the following parameters: “TR/TE, 8300/70 ms at 1.5T and 10,000/80 ms at 3T, b=1000 s/mm2, three directions, 4 to 5 mm thickness, 0 skip” (Yeom et al, 1059). They looked at the data for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), which differed for the types of tumors; low ADC signifies abnormal diffusion restriction. The results yielded that classic chordoma had lower ADC values averaging 1460x10-6 mm2/s than chondrosarcoma’s 1977x10-6 mm2/s. Although researchers would be unlikely to distinguish chordoma and chondrosarcoma “on the basis of signal intensity characteristics” of T1 and T2 images, there are still uses for them (Oot el al, 568).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or commonly known as MRI, is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body. It is an important diagnostic tool because it enables physicians to identify abnormal tissue without opening the body through surgery. MRI lets physicians see through bones and organs. MRI does not expose the patient to radiation, unlike tests that use X-rays. MRI provides an unparallel view inside the human body. It is the method of choice for the

The word "Cancer" means a group of diseases that are characterized by unrestrained cellular development. It It refers to cellular intrusion into neighboring tis-sues and may turn into metastasise if not treated at early stage. The most widely diagnosed malignancy in males is prostate cancer. Peripheral zone of the gland is the place where prostate cancers are generally found. It constitutes a dense arrangement of cancerous epithelial cells commonly in small form, penetrating glands with a symmetrical de-crease in stromal volume [2]. B. Lee et al. [3] used tissue bio-impedance to differentiate between the diseases because morphological differences between normal and malignant prostate tissue are present and sensitivity of electrical im-pedance spectra to cellular structure was known. Bio-impedance is one of the properties referred to a tissue’s re-sistance when electrical current flows in the tissue. It also means the ability of tissue to store electrical charges. Bio-impedance normally depends on spacing of cells, cellular density and size, and the components of the extracellular ma-trix (ECM). Differences between the malignant and benign tissue impedance of can be a distinguishing criteria for pathological procedures for cancer detection [1]. Actually, it was shown by Skourou et al. [4] that when there is tumor, the tissue impedance may be more sensible than conventional imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound imaging. Normal and neo-plastic

In our study we found significant difference between ADC values of malignant and benign breast lesions, assuming a threshold of 1.2 • 10_3 mm2/s. Similarly an 2014 by Nogeria et al. (23) study, proved DWI with complementary ADC values to be useful for the detection and characterization of breast lesion where mean ADCs of 1.99 ± 0.27 • 10_3 mm2/s, 1.08± 0.25 • 10_3 mm2/s, and 1.74± 0.35 • 10_3 mm2/s, were obtained for normal tissue, malignant, and benign lesion respectively. Our study reported a raised specificity from 81% to 90.5% and a slightly improved PPV from 75% to 77.8% after combining DWI to DCE-MRI without any improvement in sensitivity (53.8%). NPV was 76% and accuracy was 76.5%.

When RBCs are suspended in an isotonic solution, nothing should be observed as there will be no net water movement between the RBCs and the solution. Thus, when 200 µL of blood was added to 10mL isotonic saline (0,154 M NaCl), voltage of 0V is recorded. When RBCs are suspended in a hypertonic solution, for instance, 0.4 M NaCl, RBCs shrunk due to decrease in cell volume as water diffused out of the cells by osmosis. The protein concentration within the cells become greater and more light is scattered and a negative