Macromolecules: Caterpillars And Butterflies

The blue morpho butterfly starts out as the dew drop like egg. Then when it hatches it turns into a Caterpillar. They have reddish brown bodies with bright line green or yellow patches on their back. Before becoming an adult, Caterpillar has to eat and eat and eat. Then the Caterpillar make something around itself called a chrysalis. Inside this chrysalis the tissues are broken down and the adult morpho body is formed. When the morpho emerges,

The Monarch Butterfly is a milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It’s the most common butterfly in North America , and is considered an “iconic pollinator species”.(Conserving Monarch butterflies And their habitats).The Monarch Butterflies have many nicknames such as, “milkweed, common tiger, wanderer and black veined brown”(Danaus).

To emphasize the butterflies are mentioned six times throughout the whole book. The first time they are mentioned even though they were in war it was actually a beautiful place, “ravines and gorges and fast moving rivers and waterfalls and exotic butterflies and steep cliffs.” I believe he was saying even in all this warfare it is still a beautiful place. The second time it was mentioned is the the chapter “The Man I Killed” where it lands on his chin “there was a butterfly on his chin.” I visualize that this could have two meanings one is

The monarch butterfly is a milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It’s like the king of all butterflies. They all carry a proboscis that gets nutrients from plants. Their scientific name is Danaus Plexippus. To them we are predators. Monarchs are found all over North America. New Zealand, Australia , and the Canary Islands( Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly.)

Butterflies are very beautiful and helpful insects. There are 12,000 types in the United States and 165,000 in the world. They are covered in scale-like hairs and have a long tongue called a proboscis used to suck pollen and nectar. Butterflies have beautiful designs on their wings that help classify them.

Transcription is where I translate the list of nitrogenous bases in the mRNA at the cell's ribosomes. I want to tell you what a codon is and tell you my five other journeys. A codon is where each three nitrogenous bases in an mRNA that helps a specific amino acid added to me the protein butterfly. My adventure begins when a ribosome comes together to an mRNA in the cell's cytoplasm. Then on my journey my BFF codon goes throught the ribosome, tRNA shares with the amino acid to the ribosome. My other friend anticolon does a great job of putting three nitrogenous bases in tRNA to help the codon in mRNA. My third adventure was where tRNA bring a type of amino acid; then she breaks the code in the mRNA into a guide of amino acids. Following is my second to last adventure was when my friend ribosome and rRNA makes the amino acid together. My last adventure was the funnest because this is the part where I turned into a protein butterfly. :) Here is how the ending goes: My other friend protein chain goes raises til the ribosome gets a end codon on the rRNA. After that ribosome leaves equally mRNA and me the protein

It all starts with the caterpillar, a small helpless larva with a gluttonous hunger for all things green and leafy. As the caterpillar grows, it sheds its outgrown several times before finding a safe notch to hang from. After shedding its skin five times the monarch caterpillar has changed into a chrysalis. In no time at all, the pupa will peel open as the newly formed butterfly pushes out into the sunlight. Resting in the sun, it takes twenty-four hours for the monarch butterfly to fully grow its wings and take flight.

The actual function of the RNA is not to pass information from one generation to the next. RNA is short for ribonucleic acid. The DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, provides codes for the structure of RNA in the cell’s nucleus. There are three different types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRna). None of which, has the primary function to pass information from one generation to the next. The cell itself is a working body. The DNA is formed by a sequence from four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by a phosphate compound. . The code is copied onto the messenger RNA (mRNA). The function of the messenger RNA is to carry the code from the nucleus out to the ribosome. The messenger RNA attaches itself to the transfer RNA. (tRNA). The function of the transfer RNA is to attach amino acids and carry them to the ribosome. The formation of amino acids created from the code provided to the RNA by the DNA molecule is what produces proteins for the cell. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. In short, the actual function of the RNA is to make proteins on the ribosomes from the unique set of instructions given by the nucleus. Whether or not RNA is hereditary is asking which came first, the chicken or the egg. Scientifically, DNA is the hereditary material that gets passed on from one generation to the next generation. The structure of DNA is a double helix

In the nucleus of our cells, there contains DNA which is what contains the genetic information that our body uses. However to use that genetic information, a protein needs to be made. This all starts in a nucleus in our cells where we begin with transcription. There a helicase splits apart a DNA sequence into two strands, one strand containing codons, and the other containing anti-codons. These codons consist of any triplet of the four nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine only connects to thymine and cytosine only connects to guanine. A copy is made of the original template that becomes RNA. Once transcription is finished, mRNA exits the nucleus through the indoplasmic

DNA to Proteins The DNA is a complicated thing and on the topic of DNA there are many subtopics. Subtopics like polypeptides. Polypeptides are bonds of amino acids that are basically proteins. These polypeptides are created through a process in which the DNA is transcribed and then translated with mRNA. Each DNA triplets are transcribed and the RNA copies its code, then each codon creates an amino acid and makes a chain of protein, and that is how a polypeptide is created. This entire procedure takes place in the cell and the process is ended with the use of ribosomes. Ribosomes act as the “zipper” that pulls tRNA and mRNA together and these ribosomes are commonly found on the endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in the cytoplasm of the cell.

DNA is used to make polypeptides by having the DNA copied into mRNA. mRNA is pretty much a replication of DNA, making one strand instead of two. Then the mRNA fits into the pores, or tiny holes of the endoplasmic and reticulum. Then it forms into a protein, folding itself to get out of the cell and going out into the rest of the body. there are things called codons and anti-codons that relate to this process. Codons are 3 nitrogen bases that make up one amino acid, and anticodons are a part of the process called transcription. Transcription is when mRNA copies the sequence of the bases in an amino acid. Ribosomes help this process ouot, in which they set up a certain destination for which the DNA can be copied. However, translation is a process

The species information about these butterflies are that they’re a large orange butterfly that flies with its wings like a “v” shape while the wings have dark prominent veins and two rows with of white spots at the edges with a dark body. Males tend to have bigger wingspread ranges, the average would about 3.4 to 4 inches, than females and they [males] also have a visible dark spot over a vein on their hind wings. Now, for the life cycle the egg takes about 3 to 8 days to develop and hatch into a

Peppered moths use crypsis to avoid detection by insectivores. There are three types of peppered moths. The melanic carbonaria morph is uniformly black and is inherited by a dominant allele at a single locus. The recessive allele specifies the non-melanic black and white typica (light) form. There is also an intermediate form, insularia, which is dominant to typical and recessive to carbonaria (Van’t Hof, Edmonds, Dalíkova, Marec, & Saccheri, 2011). Melanism in organisms is caused by the addition of metal salts to larval food. This triggers production of melanin, which is incorporated into the nuclear genome (Cook, Dennis, & Dockery, 2004). The melanic carbonaria (dark) form rose rapidly in frequency and spread in range during the Industrial Revolution in England. It has shown an equally swift decrease at the end of the 20th century. The diversity in the morphs of the peppered moth is hypothesized to be caused by the growth of industry and increase in air

Researchers have analyzed the genome of two subspecies of the Heliconius butterfly- having only recently diverged into subspecies- in order to locate the genetic differences that are the critical points for speciation. These two subspecies are still able to interbreed and are located in the similar ecological habitats; therefore these butterflies will be able to experience a small amount of genetic exchange. This ability of regular exchange causes the unimportant variants in the process of speciation to become silent- the researchers found that this allowed them to locate the main genetic areas that natural selection has influenced. In the research they determined that the two Heliconius butterfly species genome had only 12 differing regions and the rest of the genome was nearly identical. Of the 12 differences eight of these they found to code for the wing color patterning, a key trait as it affects mating and avoiding predators in their perspective environments, the other four were still yet undetermined. In a second test they compared the two previous genomes to a third Heliconius species. The third species was farther removed on the evolutionary time scale but was still closely related to the previous groups. The comparison showed the genomes to have hundreds of differences; they concluded that once the initial genetic changes

Majority of genes hold information that is essential to produce functional proteins. From a gene to a protein the transformation is rigorous and the mechanisms happen in every single cell. There are two steps for the process of making a DNA gene to a protein which are transcription and translation. In the process of transcription, the information in a genes DNA being made into RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cells nucleus. The kind of RNA that holds information for making a protein is a mRNA which is thw messenger RNA. It transports information to nucleus into the