Macromolecules In Biology

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Dehydration-synthesis is a reaction that occurs to form different types of macromolecules. It is a reaction that leaves a macromolecule structure along the lines of developing its own specific function in a living organism. The 4 most common ones are carbohydrates which includes monosaccharides and polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (Mack 2012). Scientists identify different types of macromolecules to achieve a better understanding on how they function in our bodies. This can be achieved by studying their chemical properties and structure.

While doing this exercise I realized that I know the basics about food such as how carbohydrates, fats proteins are necessary and how they affect the body but I never knew what the macromolecules did in depth. I also learned what the macromolecules did in depth. I additionally learned that they are called macromolecules and that macromolecules are sizably voluminous organic molecule composed of more minute organic molecules composed of 95 percent carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen used to fortify our bodies .the other 5 percent gives the macromolecule unique qualities.

Introduction There are four main molecules that are observed in all living things and that are essential for all life. These organic compounds are carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids. In biology, these are known as macromolecules. Macromolecules, with the exception of lipids, are long molecules that consist of many smaller molecules (monomers) that are linked together through covalent bonds, called polymers. The polymer consists of many identical or similar monomer.

Enantiomers are two same chemical moieties which have a different spatial arrangement. They are described as mirror images of each other, that is they are non-superimposable. They have similar physical properties but differs in some chemical properties. The two different arrangements are classifieds as L- and D-, depending upon the functional group of reference.

Out of the four classes of macromolecule I chose carbohydrates, due to my unhealthy obsession with eating them. Carbohydrates, or carbs, are a source of dietary energy for plants and animals. It is made of one or more monosaccharides, which are the smallest sugar molecules (Simon, E.J. (2017). Biology: The Core (2nd Edition). Retrieved from https://etext.pearson.com). There are two monosaccharides that are common, which are glucose and fructose. Both happen to be types of sugar that the body can consume. If they were to combine, glucose and fructose would make sucrose and become a disaccharide, which is two sugars joined by dehydration.

The four macromolecules presented in all living organism are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The carbohydrates are made up of sugars. This provides a major source of energy. When carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Then proteins have a large amount of amino acids. Most of the muscles are made up proteins. Proteins also have special helpers that are called enzymes that help regulate all the chemical reaction inside the body. Lipids reserve energy. There are three important lipids and they include fats, steroids, and phospholipids. Finally, the nucleic acids houses the DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids then stores and transmits genetic information.

Macromolecules rely on their environment for proper folding of their respective three- dimensional structure.10 This makes intuitive sense since the exterior, which is polar, is making contact to a polar solvent, like the cytoplasm that provide hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and conceal the nonpolar residues away from the polar solvent.10 The body has a stable pH and temperature that proteins take advantage to form amazing functional complexes. They can catalyze reactions as enzymes, transport compounds, and make complex units to reach a certain goal like ATP synthase10.They can be dangerous as well, such as binding to receptors on cells for virus entry4. Proteins lose their conformation when they are out of range in temperature

Polymer is a compound consisting of long-chain molecules, each molecule made up of repeating unit connected together by a covalent bond. Most polymers are based on carbon and are therefore considered organic chemicals. Groover (2011) suggests that ?the word polymer is derived from Greek, poly and meros, meaning many and parts, respectively. Some scientists prefer to use the word macromolecules or large molecules, instead of polymer?. The polymers are created by connecting many small molecules forms together to make molecules are large. The small units are called monomers. The atoms in molecules use covalent bond to connect together; and these atoms are connected a polymer is considered to be the links of the chain. Carraher (2010) states

Macromolecules Caterpillars form a chrysalis to eventually become a butterfly which is made of protein. Butterflies are a living things which are made of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid which is the macromolecule nucleic acid Butterfly wings are made of very thin layers of chitin which is a carbohydrate The caterpillar goes through a series of chemical reactions controlled by enzymes which is a protein Cells Caterpillars eat leaves that are plants that use photosynthesis to obtain energy

The Biological macromolecules play a critical role in cell structure and function. Most biological macromolecules (but not all) are polymers. Polymers are any molecules constructed by linking together many smaller molecules, called monomers. The Monomers typically found within the polymer tend to be either identical or very similar, linked in a sequenced chain to build up the larger macromolecule. These simple monomers can be combined in numerous ways to produce complex biological polymers. Just as Lego blocks can build things such as a basic model of a house to something complex as a car, monomers are similar in the respect that they can build simple biological polymers to very complicated polymers. Another great example of these monomers

The four types of macromolecules in living organisms are; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are our bodies’ energy boosters so that we can tackle our daily routines. The ring-shaped objects that are referred to as the building blocks of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are well-known monosaccharides (Daempfle, 2016). Lipids exist as neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids that are contained in fat cells to be utilized as extended duration storage of energy. Lipids are similar to carbohydrates but with increased amounts of carbon and hydrogen. Proteins are the predominant of all the macromolecules in living systems. They are an instrumental part of our bodies that consist

Ecosystems are a place where organisms can interact with their environment and other organisms in the community. So it makes sense just to say ecology is a branch of biology that deals with the relationships of organisms interacting with their environment and other organisms. Ecosystems have many flora and fauna that need to live by the means of energy. We are talking about sun: the sun is the main source of energy because it starts many processes like photosynthesis, the greenhouse effect, and other cycles. One is the carbon, which in a simple way is the movement of carbon through respiration, photosynthesis, fossil fuel emissions, and animal waste products. Following this is the nitrogen, which is taking the nitrogen

Macromolecule is the study of many types of chemicals structure that can assemble many atoms that have different valence. The macromolecules can be divided into 3 parts. The smallest molecules are called ‘monomers’. The second smallest molecules are called ‘oligomers’. The largest molecules are called ‘polymers. Usually macromolecules are made up of large molecules and large atoms. This is the main reason these molecules have higher molecular weight. Some macromolecules can be said to be original macromolecules that occur naturally such as cellulose, protein and etc. The others are called synthesized macromolecules like silicon, nylon etc. In the biochemistry there are 3 conventional biopolymer called (nucleic acid, protein and carbohydrates)

Did you know that atoms are in that soda you are drinking? Or that there are molecules in the brocoli you always feed to your dog secretly under the dining room table? Atoms and molecules make up our life. To start off, atoms refers to the smallest part of an element that is still an element. Nextly, molecules refers to two or more atoms joined together acting as a unit. In total, there are four major atoms and four major molecules when dealing with the atoms and molecules of life. Wondering what the 4 major atoms are? They are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON) that each major molecule has, but in different variations.