Macrophage Cell

The recovery period after large scale injuries could be shortened. The effects are analyzed in an article that states, “True healing could occur thanks to the cloning of their own cells to help the recovery process” (“Pros and Cons” 5). Basically, the process of cloning healthy cells could be used as an aid in replenishing damage of unhealthy cells. This process, if it were to be actualized, could help recovery progress in anything from pulled muscles to the paralysis of an entire limb. In theory, the same research can be applied in other areas. If this technology is paired with stem cell research, it could result in a method of repairing physical damage. An article that focused on advances in biotechnology stated that “Another use of cloned stem cells could be the growth of replacement tissues in the laboratory” (LaPensee 15). Necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphocyte diapedesis all cause tissue damage or death. These tissues could be replaced by cloned cells of healthy tissues. This shortens recovery periods and leads to healthier tissue growth.

Skin repair is an important physiological process which is essential for homeostasis, restoring barrier function and preventing infection (Martin, 2009; Boateng and Catanzano, 2015). Wound healing is defined as a complex, dynamic and the specific biological process associated with the phenomena of tissue regeneration and growth (Mazumder et al., 2016). Regeneration can be defined as a tissue that significantly damaged either completely or partially removed and tissue's original function and cell types must be functional and structurally restored (Mazumder et al., 2016). The process of healing comprises a cytokine, blood cells, extracellular matrix and growth factor (Joao De Masi et al., 2016). The growth factor is a protein that activates and

Phagocytes secrete inflammatory molecules in response to chemicals released by damaged tissue cells, and activate B and T lymphocytes. These changes result in the activation and differentiation of MSCs into the injury site. Alongside inflammatory molecules, MSCs will then produce growth factors. These growth factors then activate endothelial cells and fibroblasts that enhance angiogenesis, inhibit leukocytes, and stimulate further stem cell differentiation. This secretion of growth factors may be the root of the regenerative abilities of MSCs, even if they do not differentiate. (Van de Walle,

“Through the isolation and manipulation of cells, scientists are finding ways to identify young, regenerating ones that can be used to replace damaged of dead cells in diseased organs. This therapy is similar to the process of organ transplant, only the treatment consists of the transplantation of cells rather than organs. The cells that have shown by far the most promise of supplying diseased organs with healthy cells are called stem cells.” (Chapter Preface)

With time, funding, and more research, there may be a day where patients needing any type of organ or tissue type may be able to get exactly what they need, made from their own cells, in a very short turn-around time. This will ultimately increase the lifespan of many and may even increase their quality of life.

Regenerative medicine offers the potential to be regenerative rather than merely palliative or symptomatic treatment. This allows therapeutic outcomes that were previously impossible to be achieved. In addition, regenerative medicine offers the prospect of fewer serious side effects than existing products and therapies because it uses existing processes in human biochemistry.

This is important for nursing because these primitive stem cells could help to be an alternate therapy that can be used to help patients. The ability of having the heart to regrow could reduce the

damaged cells from entering the bloodstream. They also assist the immune system in building an

George Mackaness coined the concept of macrophage resistance and activation in the beginning of the 20th century. He showed that the “inactivation” of macrophages had a lot to do with the pathogen-host interaction. In other words, substances in their respective microenvironments could influence macrophages to attain a particular phenotype (7). This eventually becomes significant when studying cancer and the microenvironment associated with it. One of the most important milestones in the study of macrophages was the their identification as sources of cytokines.

stem cell state, just like the way in which iPSC’s are produced, but recent research has shown ways in which adult cell types in general could potentially be reprogrammed to other cell types in the laboratory (5). This means that if this process was perfected, not only will stem cells themselves be able to be reprogrammed, but eventually all cell types in the body. It is evident that this would be a major breakthrough for modern medicine and it is limitless on the impact it would make to current treatment methods and even many diseases and conditions. For example, after a portion of the heart experiences a heart attack, that area is then dead and can not be revived, but if reprogramming could be used on general cell types, this could change fibroblast in the scar tissue present into fully functional cardiac cells, reversing the damage done by the heart attack (4). This would be a major future implication if the process of reprogramming could potentially be mastered in general cell types (5).

The first step is chemotaxis. This draws phagocytes to the place of damage by a chemical movement. These chemicals that draw the phagocytes can come from the pathogens, white blood cells, or damaged tissue cells. The second step is adherence. This is the attachment of the phagocyte to the foreign substance. The third step then ingests the foreign substance with hand like psuedopods that engulf it. It does this by fusing together the psuedopods and surrounding the organism with a sac called the phagosome. This is like a vesicle that contains the foreign particle that needs to get rid of. Afterwards digestion occurs; the phagosome then enters the cytoplasm and combines with lysosomes.

These data suggested that cell therapy with BMSCs has the potential to augment healing of surgical and cutaneous wounds.

The neonatal heart responses to injury by expanding yolk sac derived resident macrophages (CCR2-MHC-IIhi and lo), while the adult heart by recruiting CCR2+ monocyte derived macrophages. It is also known that the CCR2- macrophages are reparative but the CCR2+ macrophages are harmful after cardiac injury (Lavine et al., 2014).

We mere mortals do not possess livers with quite so vigorous a regenerative capacity, but the legend captures well the remarkable potential of the body to rebuild itself. Throughout our lives we sustain less gruesome injuries from which we recover spontaneously, often without realizing we were hurt. Wound healing involves the recruitment and proliferation of cells capable of restoring tissues and even organs to their original form and function. These cells must retain a collective memory of the complex developmental process by which the tissue was first constructed.

Our immune system is the second most complex system in our body. It is made up of organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect our bodies from harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms that can cause diseases. Usually we don’t notice our immune system defending us against pathogens, but if the pathogen (harmful microorganism) is aggressive or if our body hasn’t ever come into contact with it, we can get sick. The jobs of our immune system are to recognise pathogens, as well as neutralise and remove them from our body. Our immune system also has to fight our own cells if they have changed due to an illness, for example, cancer. (1)