Macrophages Lab Report

Many pink spheres and rod shapes (maybe Staphylococci and Streptobacillus), a few clusters with small dots (maybe ribosomes, rings of spherical chains, star shaped body

of the CYP2E1 pathway by garlic oil is likely to be one of the underlying

The RNA concentration obtained using Nanodrop Softwear. Since the absorbance correlated with sample concentration of DNA, RNA, or proteins, 260 wavelength contribute to the total amount of DNA or RNA in the sample. Accordingly, the RNA concentration isolated from HEK 293 cells that were treated with siGAPDH is 829.8 ng/μl as it is 0.8298 μg/μl (see the calculation below).

The Macrophage cell is a part of the Immune system (the immune system protect your body from virus, bacteria and pathogens) The word microphage actually means big eater. The job of the Macrophage is to inform other cell in the immune system (mainly the natural killer cells) that there is virus and bacteria or pathogen, then the immune system will come to kill the bacteria or virus. Macrophages will join the fight against foreign bodies by digesting enemies by process called Phagocytosis. It is broken down into a couple of steps:

A pro-inflammatory response triggered by infected macrophages causes recruitment of the mononuclear cells at the site of infection. The T-cells interact with the macrophages and activate them by releasing the cytokine, IFN-. Activated macrophages are more efficient at killing Mtb. At this stage of infection, antigen presentation also activates B-cells which produce antibodies against Mtb. A consolidated mass of infected host cells and immune cells forms a granuloma. The granuloma consists of infected macrophages, foamy macrophages that contain stored oil droplets which serve as the bacterial nutrition, T-cells, B-cells in the earlier stages. When the bacillary load becomes static, the infection is said to be “latent”. Early stages of granuloma formation also witnesses vascularisation and supply of blood through newly developed blood capillaries. The granuloma is lined by epithelial cells and fibrous tissue in the later stages. The core of the granuloma is hypoxic (Vandiviere et al., 1956; Via et al., 2008). Granulomas can be resolved due to the action of immune system. With suppression of the immune system due to ageing, HIV infection or malnutrition, the containment of the bacteria

CVD [27]. In this response, macrophages play an important role, through the production of proinflammatory

Macrophages originate from white blood cells which are called monocytes. The job of the macrophage is to able to take in foreign substances such as fungi, pathogens, bacteria, tumours, parasites, viruses and thereafter destroy them. These macrophages act as a first line defence if the immune system is attacked by any foreign substance they set off an alarm of sorts throughout the immune system. When macrophages are called to take action glycoproteins help them increase their efficiency in tracking down and killing the harmful pathogen Macrophages are a type of phagocyte, the role of the macrophage is to detect, engulf and destroy any pathogens which may be harmful to the body.

The macrophage is one of the white cells. From the white blood cell called monocytes, the macrophages are produced. It is a cell responsible for engulfing, digesting a cellular debris and is able to locate the foreign substances and cancer cells. In order to get rid of the unwanted invaders the phagocytosis destroys and cleans the body. The macrophage is aware of which cell is to keep and which do not belong to the body.

In this set of material, the reading section is talking about the historical application of Garlic that was considered to have beneficial properties during history, and the listeneing section explain the benefits of Garlic according to the scientific research.

The human immune system can be divided into two categories the adaptive immune system and innate immune system, however these two systems work in conjunction to form the immune response. The innate immune system also can be referred to as the non-specific immune system and the first line of defence. As the name suggests the innate immune system is non-specific and recognition and response to pathogens are generic. This system does not confer memory or long lasting protection from pathogens. The task of this system is to provide instant defence against pathogens which are present throughout individual’s life’s and can be found across other animals and plants. The defence

This experiment was conducted to test the importance of isotonic solutions on living cells. In this experiment we were trying to figure out which solution would make the sheep red blood cells increase in size. The independent variable was the three solutions 5% NaCl, .9% NaCl, and distilled water that we added separately to the sheep red blood cells. The dependent variable being tested was the size of the red blood cells after each solution was added. The control of the experiment was nothing added to the sheep blood. The hypothesis was if you add 5% sodium chloride to the sheep blood, then the cells will undergo crenation and the size will shrink more than 0.9% sodium chloride and distilled water. Osmosis is “the diffusion of water across

Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that affects the T cells specifically to the immune system. In spite of, lowering the immunity of humans and claiming the lives of many people around world. H.I.V replication is a multi- stage process and every step is necessary to complete its process. (“T Cell”) In step one, the entry of the virus requires certain receptors from the host cell such as a CD4. In addition, these receptors are composed of two glycoproteins that are embedded in the viral envelope. (“Kestens, P.”) By approaching the target, the cells of a gp120 connects to the CD4 receptors and the transmembrane gp41 is capable of transferring its information into the cell membrane. Uniquely, this process creates a pathway for the virus to fuse with the host cell. When it enters the cell it breaks open and releasing two viral RNA strands and three essential replication enzymes.

Garlic is known as the strongest natural antibiotic that can help you with your health issue.

People with weakened immune systems are especially encouraged to use nutmeg, as it will strengthen the defense system of your body, thereby giving blood the ability to cope with a variety of bacteria

Macrophages are immunological (eukaryotic) cells that respond to bacterial infections within in an organism by secreting