Macrovascular Inconveniences

The health issue that I researched was type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and is a disease that causes blood glucose levels to rise higher than normal, which is also referred to as hyperglycemia, according to www.diabetes.org. According to www.webmd.com , Type 2 diabetes tends to develop later on in adulthood compared to type 1 diabetes that is often seen in young people who have diabetes. As mentioned earlier, type 2 diabetes causes abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. With higher levels of glucose/sugar in the blood, capillaries can be damaged, which can cause various problems such as blindness, and nerve loss, which can become so extreme in extremities such as the foot, that parts of the foot or the whole foot may have to be amputated. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problem are directly related as chest pains, strokes, heart attacks and high blood pressure are all associated with type 2 diabetes. Www.mayoclinics.org states that though no exact link has

Why do we treat diabetes? There are a number of downstream events associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. If glucose levels are managed properly, the complications associated diabetes can be controlled, and sometimes completely prevented. The main problem with having more than the normal amount of glucose circulating in the blood stream is the effect that excess glucose can have on both large and small blood vessels (DTC, 2004). Micro-vascular and macro-vascular problems associated with diabetes can be seen in the heart, eyes, kidney, legs and feet. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to suffer from a mycocardial infaraction, twenty-five times more likely to suffer blindness, and seventeen times more likely to suffer kidney failure compared to a non-diabetic (DTC, 2004). Because of great number of risks associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, diabetes is aggressively treated to improve the quality of life and prevent complications in patients.

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

They include: heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth. In regards to the heart and blood vessels, there are approximately 65% of death that is caused by diabetes due to major complication of heart disease and stroke. In the peripheral artery diseases diabetes also plays a major role in the cause of poor blood flow in the legs and feet. Many studies show that controlling diabetes can prevent or stop the progression of heart and blood vessel disease. Blood vessel damage or nerve damage may also lead to foot problems that can lead to amputations. More than 60% of leg and foot amputations not related to an injury are due to diabetes. Another complication of diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. There has been a number of eye problems that if not addressed can lead to eye blindness which include: glaucoma,cataracts and diabetic retinopathy. Ninety percent of diabetic-related blindness as study shown could be prevented if there would be regular eye exams and timely treatment of diabetes-related eye problems. Furthermore, kidney failure is also one leading cause of further complication that resulted from uncontrolled diabetes in the U.S. It is said that drugs that help lower blood pressure can help the chance to developing kidney failure by 33%. Also diabetes on nerves can lead to loss of sensation or pain and burning of the feet because nerves are harmed due to over time high blood sugar levels. It can also

Hyperglycemia is a very serious risk for heart disease and strokes. Complications from hyperglycemic diabetes may include coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, arrhythmias, or even death. High blood glucose (sugar) levels over time can lead to excess fatty deposits on the insides of your blood vessel walls. These deposits often affect blood flow, which increases the possibility of blood vessels clogging and/or hardening. As a result, this leads to heart disease. Furthermore, those with diabetic heart disease (DHD) may have less success with heart disease treatments, such as angioplasty or artery bypass grafting. “The common clustering of these risk factors in a single individual has been called the metabolic syndrome.” (Scott 1134) Uncontrolled diabetes, the biggest contributor to heart disease, is almost four times higher for adults than those without diabetes. The best way to prevent diabetic heart disease is to control it by way of reducing the risk factors through diet and lifestyle changes.

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is causing huge health problem through out the world including developed countries. Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet 2001).The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the “metabolic syndrome”, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003)

This particular research was driven by the demand of the regulatory guidelines that deals with reduction of risks. The cases of cardiovascular risks among patients are have been reported to increase in the recent days. The regulatory guidance require being presented for the cardiovascular outcomes that can be used in the therapies of type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the

The aetiology of a disease is the known cause but the aetiology of diabetes is not fully understood. The full title of this condition is diabetes mellitus, (Smith, 2009). Homeostasis is the body 's internal natural regulatory system; it controls the body’s functions and chemical balance, every cell within is involved in maintaining a constant state of equilibrium and prevents a deviation from the norm (Scott, 2011). Hypertension is caused when blood is pumped to the heart at high pressure through a network of arteries and veins, it is thought that high levels of insulin could damage the arteries; this then can cause the arteries to become narrower forcing the blood through a smaller space (NHS Choices 2014)

One of the main complications of diabetes mellitus is coronary artery disease [58]. There are irregularities in supply of a coronary artery stream without any epicardial coronary artery diseases [59-61]. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more prone to get coronary artery diseases, especially the multi-vessel form [2,

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing primarily vascular complications that contribute to morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Poor glycaemic control leads to vascular complications that affect large (macrovascular), small (microvascular) vessels or both. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Microvascular complications contribute to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and retinopathy (eye disease).

Evidence from ACCORD (2), UKPDS(3) and ADVANCE(4) suggests that intensive blood glucose control reduced composite endpoints for microvascular outcomes, but the impact on patient oriented outcomes such as renal failure or dialysis or blindness is uncertain. The ACCORD study found that intensive blood glucose control improved visual acuity.

By keeping your blood glucose level in a normal range through supper arranging, physical action, and pharmaceuticals, you can maintain a strategic distance from long term confusions of diabetes. These entanglements create over many years, and they all identify with how blood glucose levels can influence your veins. After some time, increased blood glucose can harm the body's veins, both minor and huge. Damage to your little veins causes microvascular complexities; damage to your large vessels causes macrovascular entanglements.

(3) Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disease that results in hyperglycemia as a result of ineffective or total inaction of insulin secretion. This condition is most often the result of a defective pancreas that can lead to damage to the heart, kidneys and blood vessels.

Diastolic LV abnormalities have been initially disclosed by cardiac catheterization. Regan et al 9 demonstrated in normotensive, diabetic patients without coronary artery disease and without clinical evidence of heart failure, increased left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure, a decreased left-ventricular end-diastolic volume with a normal ejection fraction. Paul Poirier et al 10 in 2001 evaluated 40 diabetic patients without clinical evidence of cardiac disease by Doppler Echocardiography and came to conclusion that diastolic function in diabetic patients was impaired even in patients with normal systolic function. Numerous studies in humans have explored the association of diabetes with histopathological abnormalities of myocardium. Alterations in intramyocardial coronary arteries, similar to those seen in other organs of diabetic patients have been reported. Endothelial proliferation and subendothelial hyaline thickening with PAS-positive material in the vessel wall have been described in some but not all patients with or without overt congestive heart failure Capillary basement membrane thickening and capillary microaneurysms have also been observed in hearts of diabetics 12,13. Zoneraich et al 14 who conducted their study in young normotensive type 1 diabetics, found small vessel disease in 72% of diabetic patients, while it was present in only 12% of

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.