Magnetic Resonance Essay

“Each year, acute pancreatitis sends more than 200,000 Americans to the hospital. Many of those who suffer from pancreatic problems are also heavy drinkers” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 15). The pancreas is an important organ which aids in digestions and energy conversion. The pancreas directs enzymes to the small intestine to digest nutrients and it also secretes insulin and glucagon. The body’s main source of energy is glucose and insulin allows additional glucose to be stored away in the body properly. Too much alcohol damages cells in the pancreas, causing complications with insulin, leaving the organ open to inflammation. Alcohol causes the pancreas to discharge the enzymes intended for the small intestine back into the pancreas which can lead to inflammation and the swelling of tissues and blood vessels. Pancreatitis is the inflammation which causes the organ to malfunction and if one continues to drink, it can magnify into chronic pancreatitis when the inflammation is constant (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 15-16). Pancreatitis causing severe abdominal pain, persistent diarrhea, and is not curable. Sixty-percent of circumstances result from alcohol; although, some have been linked to gallstones (Freeman).

In the presented case scenario, we have Mr. Gil Martin who is a 55-year-old Hispanic male. He comes in to the clinic today with complaints of weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite. A student nurse will be precepting your assessment of Mr. Martin and when collecting subjective and objective data it is important to pay close detail to all findings. Ultimately this patient was diagnosis with cirrhosis, which is an abnormal liver condition that leads to irreversible scarring of the liver (National Institute of Health [NIH], 2017), so during assessment we should pay attention to details leading to this diagnosis.

Pancreatic cancer is lethal malignancy with a mortality rate that almost equals its incidence. It is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with only a 5-year survival rate of about 6%. Pancreatic cancer remains to be one of the most aggressive tumors. When diagnosed 60-80% patients already have locally advanced or the tumor has already metastasized. A majority of pancreatic cancers are derived from the exocrine part of the pancreas. The exocrine part of the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down proteins, fats, and starches. There are several mutations that have been identified in pancreatic cancer; these mutations can lead to potential biomarkers, leading towards a better prognosis for high risk patients.

Presumed to have been plaguing humanity since the Viking days, hemochromatosis is a fatal hereditary disease that upsets the body's natural metabolizing of iron. The mineral, although essential to the survival of all living organisms, becomes extremely lethal in abnormally large quantities. Unfortunately, this serves as rather tragic news to the afflicted, since their bodies absorb iron in an uncontrollable manner. A wide variety of medical complications and symptoms, including cancer, infertility, psychiatric disorders, diabetes, arthritis, damage in the overall body chemistry and joints, could consequently occur over a long period of diagnosis. Major organs such as the heart and liver additionally suffer at the hands of hemochromatosis, further adding to the possibility of death if the disease remains unchecked.

Mitochondrial damage is therefore a serious threat to the viability of the acinar and ductal cells, as well as the pancreas as a whole. Bile acids and ethanol metabolites, among the most common pancreatitis-inducing factors, act by causing the release of stored Ca2+ within the ER and inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx. This prolonged increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration leads to mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and decreased intracellular ATP levels. SERCA and PMCA pumps, which remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm, require ATP to function and will become less active; further contributing to the sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. This continuous overload causes mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and overall damage to the mitochondria.

Diabetes is a disease of the body is unreceptive to the hormone insulin that is secreted by the pancreas or in some cases the body doesn’t produce any insulin at all. This causes high blood sugar levels in the urine and the blood that can pose detrimental effect on someone if left untreated. The role of the pancreas in this disorder was discovered by Joseph Von Mering and Oskar

For many people, the pancreas operates as it should with little little problems. Unfortunately, it is an organ of the body, and it is capable of malfunctioning. Take for example, a pancreas that does not produce enough digestive enzymes in the body. The main problems that lead with not producing enough enzymes can lead to weight loss or diarrhea because of poorly absorbed food. Another problem people have with the pancreas is pancreatic cancer. “About 48,960 people will be

In contrast, within one day of exhibiting symptoms, the mean permeability surface area product values for head, body and tail of pancreas were already considerably lower (p = 0.0001) in patients with mild acute pancreatitis when compared to those with severe acute pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis is a disease that involves the pancreas. The pancreas is considered a large gland which is located behind the stomach and right next to the small intestine. There are two main functions that the pancreas does; one, “It releases powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid the digestion of food, and two, It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. These hormones help the body control how it uses food for energy” (Digestive Disorders Health Center, 2005-2015). With pancreatitis disease, it means that the pancreas is becoming inflamed. When this happens the digestive enzymes become active which releases it into the small intestine and starts attacking the pancreas.

According to The American Diabetes Association, “Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels” (p.1).

Acute pancreatitis what is? Inflammation of the pancreas that produces exocrine and endocrine dysfunction with clinical manifestations that range from mild to severe and often mimic other disorders. The two most common causes for acute pancreatitis are gallstone migration and alcoholism. We will discuss outcomes for a patient with said gastrointestinal alterations. What problems and risk we may need to mange for the patient. How to respond to said problems or risk. Interventions for the problems/risk, optimal functioning, safety, and well-being for the patient. Anticipated education for the patient and whether or not there are age or culture factors they may hinder our plan of care?

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute report, tests to measure iron levels are the serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin level. Tests will look at mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Complete blood count (CBC) looks at your hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are accessed. Abnormal results may indicate a blood disorder, infection or another condition. (2014)

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC), the accumulation of iron overload in body tissues. This overload of iron usually occurs because of a genetic predisposition to absorb iron in excess. It can also occur as a complication of hematologic disorders, hepatitis, excessive of iron intake, repeated transfusion therapy and injections of iron dextram. Since there is no physiologic mechanism, the only way for excretion of excess iron is blood loss. Iron is transported in the body via transferrin and stored in ferritin molecules. Once the absorption of iron exceeds its storage capacity in the ferritin molecules, all the excess and unbounded iron promotes free-radical formation in cells, which then results in the peroxidation of membrane lipids and injury of cells. The deposition of iron occurs in many organs, such as, liver, pancreas, and heart.

One case (50%) of the 2 cases is oncological patient had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Fig.75).

Approximately 85% to 90% of acute pancreatitis patients show a mild clinical progression that locally limited and responds well to conventional medication. Meanwhile, necrotizing pancreatitis, which ac¬counts for the residual of cases, have a serious clinical complications (Steer 1993, Hyun and Lee 2014). The final consequence of AP can be determined by the long-lasting of systemic inflammation and failure of remote organs. Moreover, obesity and high fat intake in daily diets cause several serious health problems (Yang et al. 1997, Diehl 2002).