Main Aspects Of Major Depressive Disorder

Mental disorder is a common term to refer people’s mental health conditions in Canada and internationally. People who have studied Hamlet, a play that’s written by William Shakespeare, know that Ophelia is one of the characters who suffer from a mental disorder, which known as major depressive disorder. At the beginning of the play, Ophelia’s mental state is very healthy, she falls in love with her boyfriend Hamlet, yet their relationship is controlled by her father. During the play, Ophelia experiences a transformation of her mindset, which causes by Hamlet. As the play closer to the end, the death of Polonius, father of Ophelia, makes Ophelia’s mental becomes more unstable, which leads her to suicide at the end. Thus, due to all the unhappy events that happen to Ophelia’s life all at once, the psychological harms slowly turn Ophelia becomes insane and eventually brings her to death.

Major depression disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that has an intense impact on the individuals social and economic mobile functioning, directly related to increased disability, absenteeism from employment, and social exclusion (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). Research suggests that mothers who are depressed have the potential to genetically predispose their children to social, cognitive impaired development; it appears as though offspring may experience heightened susceptibility to experience occurrences of depression and other mental health problems later in development (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). An individual that has MDD may experience feelings of worthlessness, and inappropriate guilt (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Feelings of hopelessness initiate an distorted view of self, this can be lethal, by way of suicidal ideations or substance misuse. Relevantly, approximately 60 percent of individuals that have committed suicide have had depression, and individuals who are younger in age that commit suicide are more likely to have alcohol use disorder (AUD) or another substance use disorder (SUD) in addition to MDD (Haddad & Gunn, 2011).

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States. In 2013 8.1% of females, and 5.1% of males in America reported having a major depressive episode in the previous year. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2013). According to Lorig and Powell (1988) women are more commonly diagnosed with depression and histrionic personality disorders, while men are more frequently diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders. This is consistent with the theory of shifting standards, which states that stereotyped social groups (e.g. women vs. men or African Americans vs. Caucasians) are held to different standards. For example, often times when you say a woman is tall, it would be in the context of other women. When you say a man is tall, it would be in the context of other men. People’s perceptions of “tallness” are very different for these two groups, based on the stereotypes they hold about each group. The goal of this research is to identify how the shifting standards model applies to sexual orientation and depression.

I will discuss the diagnostic issues and diagnoses with Major depressive disorder as a primary diagnosis and several other differential diagnoses. We will look at the etiology relationship problem between mom and daughter. We will take into account gender and race. Lastly we will discuss the prognostic treatment for the fictitious patient Dineo. Abnormal behavior is a behavior that diverges from what is projected as a normal standard which is outside the parameters of what is accepted in society. We ask ourselves when will look at a scenario of Jolene sitting in her classroom taping her fingers loud on the desk whilst her lecture is teaching, when he asks her to stop she continues even louder and roll her eyes at him with annoyance. Is this behavior seen as still in the realm of normal behavior? What is seen as normal behavior can be varied amongst different cultures and society. Behavior constitutes abnormalities because some behaviors that disturb social norms are expected to be labelled as abnormal because the not normal behavior that is observed outside the social constraints are classified as deviant. 1. According to Kleinman, (1988) normality and abnormality differs in culture as there are certain standards that are acceptable behavior norms if one behaves in a certain way that is outside the norms of their culture they are believed to show abnormal behavior as it infringes the rules of what is acceptable behavior in a certain culture, therefore reality is

The American Psychiatric Association publishes the DSM-IV for medical personal to refer to when diagnosing patients. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition consist of three major components; diagnostic classification, diagnostic criteria set, and the descriptive text, which covers all mental health disorders for both children and adults. Some of the information covered by the DSM-IV includes known causes of disorders, statistics in terms of gender, and age of onset, prognosis and research concerning the optimal treatments available. This medical book is referred to when those interacting with the patient are trying to understand them and their disorder. It is also available for the payees to understand the

Sarah presents with more than enough relevant symptoms and signs often associated with Criterion A, for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder with a recurrent episode. Based on the duration of her symptoms and the fact that she mentions having previous episodes of depression in the past, further reinforced this diagnosis. It is important to note that none of her symptoms are attributed to any medical conditions or etiology. With no current or past history of alcohol or substance abuse/use, it is clear that these symptoms and signs have caused a change of previous functioning as noticed by her sister Gloria. Sarah reported having a depressed mood with crying spells lasting all day, for more than several weeks. Her recurrent (Criterion A1) suicidal ideation without a specific plan are explained as she reported being close to taking all the pills in her medicine cabinet. In this depressed mood, she also reports having chronic feelings of profound emptiness. This essential feature of MDD, along with her self reporting of (Criterion A2) loss of appetite as evidenced by her not going out to buy groceries to eat, could have also contributed to her rapid weight loss. Sarah reported having no energy to do anything and only watching television in bed, which can also be seen as a sign that meets (Criterion A3) of extreme fatigue. Her reporting of not bathing for a week can also meets (Criterion A4) of markedly diminished interest

Most psychopathology research to date is guided by the conceptualization of psychopathology adopted by the current nosological systems, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). These nosological systems conceptualize mental disorders as discrete categorical entities. In these diagnostic manuals, several categories of mental disorder are listed, the membership in which depends on whether an individual meets a number of suggested criteria (APA, 2013; WHO, 2016). Thus, an individual is either a member or nonmember of these categories (Krueger & Markon, 2006a). The DSM-5 acknowledged the limitations of this approach and provided several assumptions that needed to be

In our society, much of the population seems to suffer from some type of disorder. When a deeply depressed mood comes on fairly suddenly and either seems too severe for the circumstances or exists without any external cause for sadness, it is called major depressive disorder. I surmise that most people disregard this disorder as the thought of people who covet for attention. Many people suffer from depression and most believe they should live in solitary and in most severe cases depression can lead to suicide, but no one is alone. Major depressive disorder is extreme sadness and it affects your daily life activities. Symptoms include fatigue, sleeping problems, differences in appetite, trouble concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt.(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Death by suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people from 15 to 25 years of age, and more than 90 percent of suicides are associated with a psychological disorder, with depression being the most likely cause(Hyman & Cohen, 2013; National Institute of Mental Health, 2008).

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental health disorder seen in primary care. It effects all age groups, although the presenting signs and symptoms will vary at different ages. Many clients have somatic symptoms that mask the depression symptoms and make it difficult for physicians to diagnose MDD. Patients with this disorder have difficulty with work and social functioning. There is an increase in comorbidity with chronic illnesses. These clients are 30% to 40% more likely to have MDD (McCarron, 2009). Potential for suicide is high with this diagnosis. Not surprisingly, the majority of these clients are seen in primary care setting supporting the need for screening clients

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder as known as the DSM-IV-TR that provides the classification of mental disorders and guide to the process of differential diagnosis. This manual has numerical codes for the different disorders also provide “a helpful guide to clinical practice” which was created to help facilitate research, improve the information that was provided to clients and/or patients. So far there have been four (4) revisions with updated research and material to better service the psychology profession.

For our diagnosis we selected the first client Barbara who was introduced as suffering from Major Depressive Disorder. The client does present symptoms of Major Depressive disorder. The symptoms include a feeling of hopelessness, guilt, lethargy, and suicidality. According to the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder includes criterion (A) exhibiting at least five of nine clearly defined symptoms “during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning.” The psychiatrist helped her reveal that she meets this first requirement for diagnosis. Barbara expressed that she had felt depressed consistently for the last six months. She also noted she cannot find pleasure in

The DSM-5 presents a standard criteria checklist for each psychological disorder. This ensures uniformity and consensus among clinicians across the globe in their clinical practice of diagnosing clients. Using the DSM-5 manual as a diagnostic tool sets a common ground for

The negative impact on a person’s life with major depression disorder is endless. Unfortunately, there are no positive impacts that this disorder can offer in an individuals life. Relationships can quickly waver, work can slowly become a difficult task to complete properly, and self-esteem can be strongly effected in a negative way. All these things which harm an individual with this psychological disorder. Without any form of help, or love

American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

Major Depressive Disorder is marked by sadness and any four of the following seven criteria: weight loss or weight gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, motor slowing or agitation, fatigue, worthlessness or guilt, impaired concentration, and thoughts of suicide or suicide attempt. Those with Major Depressive Disorder have never had mania or hypomania and may also have anxiety symptoms. When the Major Depressive Disorder is combined with melancholic features, then the person has a “loss of pleasure in all, or almost all, activities [and has a] lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable stimuli (does not feel better, even temporarily, when something good happens” (American Psychiatric Association, p. 185). Observations made by others, such as being tearful, is also a criterion of this disorder (American