Major Depression and Cbt

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing the client’s unrealistic maladaptive beliefs and thoughts in order to change the individual’s behavior and emotional state. To help CT is directive collaboration by help teach the client correct their distorted thinking and perception of self,

Globally, major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the top five public health concerns today (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Jakobsen, Hansen, Simonsen, & Gluud, 2011; Hees, Rotter, Ellermann, & Evers, 2013). Moreover, almost 20% of patients with depression engage in self-harming behaviors, including suicidal attempts (Gamble et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Not only is the prevalence of depression alarming, but costly to the health care system (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Cuijpers et al., 2014; Hees et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). The use of antidepressants is the standard for initial treatment, but may be limiting in preventing relapse (Cuijpers et al., 2014; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Therefore, the inclusion of non-pharmacological interventions may be necessary to improve treatment outcomes (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Dekker et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) are the two primary psychotherapeutic interventions recommended in the treatment of depression. In this paper, I will discuss the difference between CBT and IPT, compare the effectiveness between both therapies, explore their efficacy as an adjunct treatment with antidepressant medications, and summarize the treatment guidelines for depression.

Research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be as successful as medicine in treating many types of depression and other mental health disorders it can be completed in a relatively short time compared with other talking therapies and because it is highly structured, CBT can be provided in a number of different formats such as through computer programs, groups and self-help books. Some research suggests that CBT may be better than antidepressants at preventing the return of depression. It is thought to be one of the most effective treatments for anxiety and depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supports recovery from a serious mental illness standpoint and provide a summary. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely

Major depressive disorder, we all have probably heard of it, but do we really know what is it is ? Major depressive disorder is “a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest… major depressive disorder or clinical depression, affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Having this disorder puts you in a very unstable position because you are constantly feeling depressed so it affects the way you think and feel and that can be very dangerous. Sometimes this happens to a person for one day, but put yourself in the shoes of someone who experiencing this for more than two weeks? When you have major depressive disorder, the signs of depression disorder can last for two weeks or more(myers646). This dis order must be treated immediately because “depression may make you feel as if life isn 't worth living”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Feeling this way can lead you to doing things that you can not take back such as committing suicide and sadly that can happen when you have major depressive disorder. Kiyohara and Yoshimasu conducted a research that showed that 90% of suicides have were dealing with major depressive disorder(qtd. in The World Health Organization). Throughout this paper I will be discussing the causes, symptoms and treatment when dealing with major depressive disorder.

Hollon, S. D., PhD. (1990). Cognitive therapy for depression. Psychiatric Annals, 20(5), 249-251,255-256,258. Retrieved from https://ez.salem.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/894194358?accountid=13657

Cognitive behavioral therapy is based off the theory that depression is caused by a pattern of negative thinking that may be triggered by upsetting situations (Comer, 2013). This pattern forms maladaptive attitudes, which cause individuals to constantly view themselves, their world, and their future in negative ways (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help clients recognize and change their negative thoughts in an attempt to improve their mood (Comer, 2013). This approach also uses behavioral techniques to encourage patients to become more active and try out new behaviors (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is

It was developed by John Teasdale, Mark Williams, and Zindel Segal. MBCT is a hybrid of traditional cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness, and is built on the idea that people who are depressed tend to have automatic negative thoughts and attach negative judgments to their experiences. The mindfulness aspect of treatment helps individuals become more aware of their automatic thoughts, and to simply observe them as transient events, rather than holding onto them. As individuals become more aware of their automatic thoughts, they develop the capacity to move from a perspective of reaction to reflection. MBCT is in part based on Jon Kabat-Zinn’s eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program and echoes much of the theory put forth in Kabat-Zinn’s program. The creators of MBCT developed it with the intention of helping people who have suffered from repeated bouts of depression. The MBCT program is taught over the course of an eight-week program, where participants are encouraged to use guided meditations to help them cultivate a more mindful way of

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is now one of the most widely used therapeutic treatment regimes in use for the management of MDD. CBT combines elements of talking therapy as well as insights from neuroscience in an attempt to help patients manage their own symptoms and formulate strategies for dealing with risk factors and triggering experiences. CBT has proven an effective treatment model. One of the best known large-sample studies of the effectiveness of CBT was undertaken by Rush et al. in 2006. Their work found that of their 3,671 patients who were treated with CBT and antidepressants there was a 36.8% remission rate per phase of the treatment. Study by Jakobsen et al. (2011) considered the effectiveness of CBT compared with nonintervention

The main goal of CBT is to help individuals and families cope with their problems by changing their maladaptive thinking and behavior patterns and improve their moods (Blackburn et al, 1981). Intervention is driven by working hypotheses (formulations) developed jointly by patient, his/her family and therapist from the assessment information. Change is brought about by a variety of possible interventions, including the practice of new behaviors, analysis of faulty thinking patterns, and learning more adaptive and rational self-talk skills. (Hawton, Salkovskis, Kirk, and Clark, 1989).

Cognitive behavioural therapy, an empirically validated treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (Robinson, Berman, & Neimeyer, 1990) has featured in over 78 research studies, and is the treatment of choice when treating depression by many clinicians. A meta analaysis completed by Dobson (1989), reviewed 28 studies featuring cognitive therapy and depression, and found that cognitive therapy was a more effective treatment modality than behaviour therapy, wait list control, medication, and other therapies. A further meta-analysis conducted by Gloaguen et al., (1998) found that Cognitive behavioural therapy was equal to behaviour therapy, and more effective than drug treatments when treating Major Depressive Disorder.

Major depressive disorder affects nearly 15 million of American adults in a given year. (Kessler, Chiu, Demler & Walters, 2005). With the impact it has on the society as well as the well-being of the individual, it must be in the interest of the healthcare to be able to provide patients with the most effective treatment method. Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of antidepressant medication and cognitive therapy, the two main treatment methods used for depression today. The discussion has, however, been characterized by conflicting claims, resulting in a debate over what should be used rather than us having definite conclusion of how patients are best helped.

Terms discussed in paper: CBT: Cognitive-behavioural therapy; HEP: Health enhancement program; TAU: Treatment as usual; TRD: Treatment-resistant depression; Mediators: Measurable changes during a treatment; MBCT: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy;

Beck’s cognitive therapy is based on the theory that one’s cognitions (thoughts) are based on developed schemas or attitudes that are activated in specific corresponding situations as a way to interpret the situation. Schemas are developed structures in the mind that are activated in specific situations relevant to them, and attitudes are the stable organization structures used to guide the processing of information in the mind (Pössel & Black, 2014). Negative dysfunctional attitudes cause cognitive distortions, that is, thinking and perceptions that are negative which results in the Negative Cognitive Triad (NCT). The NCT are the three negative views that an individual has, about the self, about the world and/or their experiences and about the future. This model explains how having these negative beliefs (such as believing the person is inadequate in some way, negatively interpreting their experiences with the world, and not having a positive view of the future) could lead to negative automatic thoughts, where their interpretation and thoughts about situations are distorted to fit the dysfunctional developed schema, thereby reinforcing the schema (Beck, 1979). This reinforcement ultimately results in symptoms of depression manifesting in the individual. In summary, the bidirectional reinforcing relationship between these negative cognitive constructs and depressive symptoms lead to depression (Pössel & Black, 2014).

CBT is a structured psychological treatment which identifies that cognition, emotion and behaviour all interact together. Therefore, it can be said that our thoughts determine our feelings and our response. A negative impact of the actions taken by someone when that person suffers from psychological distress caused by how skewed they interpret situations. CBT involves working with a therapist to distinguish thought and behavioural patterns that are either making a client more likely to become depressed, or stopping a client from getting better when experiencing depression. The purpose of CBT is to increase the client’s awareness when negative interpretations are made and when behavioural patterns reinforce distorted thinking. Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which aim to reduce their psychological