Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Depression- the most diagnosed mental illness in the world- is also the most misunderstood. Depression?a sad or discontented mood?can leave a person feeling lethargic, unmotivated, or hopeless, and in some cases ? contemplate suicide. Unfortunately, depression usually begins as high levels of anxiety and with exposure to trauma in children. Higher levels of anxiety or exposure to stress-inducing and traumatic situations as a child could mean an increased risk of depression as an adult. Although a serious mental illness all over the world in

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12-month prevalence of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH). There is no definite etiology of depression, but several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also been explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Decreases in these transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of depression (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the brain. Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology of depression is much more complex. The “chemical imbalance” explanation of depression may not reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by patients and doctors than is supported by evidence based research.

Major depressive disorder, we all have probably heard of it, but do we really know what is it is ? Major depressive disorder is “a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest… major depressive disorder or clinical depression, affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Having this disorder puts you in a very unstable position because you are constantly feeling depressed so it affects the way you think and feel and that can be very dangerous. Sometimes this happens to a person for one day, but put yourself in the shoes of someone who experiencing this for more than two weeks? When you have major depressive disorder, the signs of depression disorder can last for two weeks or more(myers646). This dis order must be treated immediately because “depression may make you feel as if life isn 't worth living”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Feeling this way can lead you to doing things that you can not take back such as committing suicide and sadly that can happen when you have major depressive disorder. Kiyohara and Yoshimasu conducted a research that showed that 90% of suicides have were dealing with major depressive disorder(qtd. in The World Health Organization). Throughout this paper I will be discussing the causes, symptoms and treatment when dealing with major depressive disorder.

d. A nurse gives a PRN dose of an antipsychotic drug to a patient to prevent violent acting out because

In an attempt to better understand depression in today’s youth, I have chosen to explore the depths of Major Depressive Disorder and how it affects the young people in our society. Depression amongst school age children and adolescents are the primary focus. The prevalence, adversities, and treatment of the depression are discussed as well. After exploring these few facets of the disorder, I will talk briefly about the Ecological Model developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Morris in 1998 that is used by counselors to help evaluate and assess the children who are referred by teachers or medical

According to the DSM-5, to meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), it is required that single or recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) are present without mania and hypomania. To diagnose a patient for MDE, there must be presence of five symptoms, such as persistent low mood, insomnia or hypersomnia, anhedonia, more than 5% increment or decrement in total body weight over a month, inconclusiveness, suicidal thoughts, hypo or hyper motor activity, for at least 2 weeks for most part of the day. Furthermore, one of these five symptoms must be depressed mood or anhedonia. In DSM-5, the MDD diagnosis can be divided into 14 subcategories based on the severe depression specifiers, such as depression with psychotic features, with melancholic features, and with catatonic features (Uher, Payne, Pavlova, & Perlis, 2014). Major depression can persist for months or even years. Persistent depression can lead to other physical and mental health problems, such as substance abuse, suicidal ideations and catatonic behaviours. A patient with major depression can be treated using different treatment methods, such as pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), group therapy, interpersonal therapy and Electroconvulsive therapy. Each treatment benefits a patient struggling with depression in a different way depending on a patient’s compliance and social support. In this paper, I am going to present ECT as an effective method to decrease the symptoms related to depression,

Major depression disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that has an intense impact on the individuals social and economic mobile functioning, directly related to increased disability, absenteeism from employment, and social exclusion (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). Research suggests that mothers who are depressed have the potential to genetically predispose their children to social, cognitive impaired development; it appears as though offspring may experience heightened susceptibility to experience occurrences of depression and other mental health problems later in development (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). An individual that has MDD may experience feelings of worthlessness, and inappropriate guilt (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Feelings of hopelessness initiate an distorted view of self, this can be lethal, by way of suicidal ideations or substance misuse. Relevantly, approximately 60 percent of individuals that have committed suicide have had depression, and individuals who are younger in age that commit suicide are more likely to have alcohol use disorder (AUD) or another substance use disorder (SUD) in addition to MDD (Haddad & Gunn, 2011).

Regarding the source and development of MDD, there are a variety of theories. Biological theories appear to be the best supported by research. Major depressive disorder has a strong possibility having a polygenetic predisposition, as well as having an origin on the X chromosome. Those who have a family member diagnosed with depression have a 30% chance of developing the disorder and the concordance rate among monozygotic twins is as high as 46% (Comer, 2015). This disorder could be the result of decreased activity in the reward system and decreased sensitivity to norepinephrine and serotonin. Other possibilities include low thyroxin, high cortisol, and a damaged immune system. These can cause aggravated and depressed moods. In a different

Each of these changes no matter good or bad can cause stress or anxiety in somebody’s life which can lead to depression ("Helping Someone with Depression."). Moreover, somebody’s family history is a large factor in undergoing depression. People can inherit genes from their blood relatives who have had depression, that make them more likely to develop depression themselves. The last huge factor in increasing depression are the the chemicals in one’s brain, "Helping Someone with Depression." stated, “Scientists have found that when the level of the brain chemicals become too high or low the chemical imbalance causes symptoms of depression.” Likewise according to "Depression (major Depression) Causes.” said, “Recent research proves that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters (naturally occurring brain chemicals) and how they interact with neural circuits (nerve cells that carry information) involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.” Overall, this means that imbalance of the brain chemicals is one of the leading causes in depression among people of all

Serotonin is a chemical generated by the human body which works as a neurotransmitter, it is also referred to as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Biochemical theories over time suggest that a decreased level of serotonin is a major contributing factor in depression. According to Jacobsen, Medvedev, and Caron

Major depressive disorder is a psychological disorder because it impacts the person’s ability to function as they regularly would without the disorder. Regardless of how treatable the disorder is, if the disorder is not in a neurotypical, healthy mindstate, the person is distressed by the disorder, and the person is not able to function regularly, the disorder is classified as a psychological disorder. While most professionals would not label major depressive disorder as a “disease”, the TV host is correct in his statement that it may be treated. However, the forms of treatment for major depressive disorder (therapy, diet/exercise, medication) may not work for everyone, and it may take a while for the person to find a regimen that works for

About 8 million doctors get appointments from depression a year. These doctors have been falling short because of time, money, and other aspects. Most patients are usually short and limited with insurance coverage. Also people are starting to be more insecure and tense with their mental health. Now, researchers and physicians are seeing this as physical illness. They are now paying more attention to their high blood pressure and heart disease. They're also comparing depression with asthma, diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Depression can also commit other health issues such as diabetes and pulmonary disease.

Benztropine: Brand name is Cogentin. It is used for the treatment or prevention of EPS associated with antipsychotic drugs. It may be given

According to the Mayo Clinic Staff depression is defined as, “a medical illness that causes a

Depression and Happiness in human beings has been studied from multiple fields: psychology, biology, chemistry, philosophy, and other fields of note. Depression, which is characterized as a mental disorder, has been attempted to be explained with theories. These theories look at the a person’s environment, genetics, and even the chemical balances of their brain. Neurotransmitters, chemicals used by neurons to transmit signals, may have a significant impact on a person’s mood. One of these neurotransmitters, Serotonin, has been linked with depression.