Major Types Of Major Depressive Disorder

When an individual feels sad, hopeless, discouraged, troubled, or withdrawn from their usual interests and daily living for a short period of time, it is depression. On the other hand, when these feelings heavily impact daily activities and bring severe and long-lasting psychological pain, this is major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition to major depressive disorder identified as MDD, it may be referred to as unipolar depression, major depression, or clinical depression.

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12-month prevalence of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH). There is no definite etiology of depression, but several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also been explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Decreases in these transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of depression (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the brain. Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology of depression is much more complex. The “chemical imbalance” explanation of depression may not reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by patients and doctors than is supported by evidence based research.

Depression is a clinical condition associated with the normal emotions of bereavement and sadness. However, this condition does not pass on when the external causes of these emotions dissolve and is usually inconsistent to their cause. In essence, the classic severe conditions of depression have not been attributed to external precipitating cause. One of the most common conditions of depression is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), which is a psychiatric condition that impairs moods, behavioral patterns, and thoughts for a protracted duration. This psychiatric illness tends to impair the patient’s social functioning and quality of life due to its impacts on cognitive functioning. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition include difficulty in concentration, weight change, minimal interest in pleasure, high rate of suicide, and physical impairment. The severity of this disease was evident in the year 2000 when the World Health Organization ranked it as the fourth cause of disability and premature death across the globe.

Major Depression Disorder is a disorder that affects the mood of a person and causes them to feel a loss of interest or have a feeling of sadness. The disorder affects the way you feel, behave and think. Major depression can lead to a variety of physical and emotional problems. Major depression affects about 6.7% of the U.S. population over age 18, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. (www.webmd.com, n.d.) The risk of getting major depression is twice as high in women than it is in men. The number of men who have depression is significantly

Biological Theories. The monoamine neurotransmitters—norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine—are the main focus of theories regarding the cause of depression. However, the focus is not on a single neurotransmitter but on the “studying neurobehavioral systems, neural circuits, more intricate neuroregulatory mechanisms” (Kaplan Sadock 531).

The term major depressive disorder was created by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s as part of proposals for diagnostic criteria based on patterns of symptoms (Spitzer et al, 1975). MDD made its first appearance in the third edition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III) (Phillip, Maier & Demo, 1991). MDD is a mental disorder characterized by an impairment of functioning in one or more areas of life due to a depressed mood and loss of interest in activities combined with other symptoms for a minimum of two weeks (APA, 2013, 161).

Major depressive disorder is a persistent state of hopeless depression (Myers 390). Major depressive disorder is characterized by one or more depression episodes.

Major depression is a combination of symptoms that make it difficult to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy pretty much anything. This type of depression can occur once but most likely 2-3 times in someone's lifetime.

Major depression, also called clinical depression, is mostly identified by its significant symptoms. Some symptoms of major depression include

Depression is a mood disorder which causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest; affecting how you feel, think, behave and can ultimately lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. “Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. In 2014, around 15.7 million adults age 18 or older in the U.S. had experienced at least one major depressive episode in the last year, which represented 6.7 percent of all American adults. At any point in time, 3 to 5 percent of adults suffer from major depression; the lifetime risk is about 17 percent. As many as 2 out of 100 young children and 8 out of 100 teens may have serious depression.” (ADAA, 2017) Depression is the leading cause of disability in the US.

According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (also known as DSM-IV), depression is named as Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression) and is included in the Mood Disorders group of mental illness (2000). This mental illness is characterized by the following symptoms: “depressed mood, reduced interest in activities that used to

Major depression is a medical illness that is characterized by feeling sad, disappointed and full of despair. Major depression is a whole body illness that includes emotional, physical, intellectual, social, and spiritual problems. Many people refer to major depression as Major Depressive Disorder and Clinical Depression. Major depression affects how one feels, thinks, and acts; they also have trouble performing normal activities. Major depression can make a person feel as if life isn't worth living. Any group of people can experience major depression. Some individuals may only have one episode of depression in a lifetime, but others episodes are recurring.

According to the World Health Organization, Depression is the most common mental disorder, affecting 300 million people of all ages globally. It’s a serious mood disorder that affects your life completely. It causes drastic symptoms that cripples your daily life. It alters how you think, sleep, work, eat, and how you handle daily activities. There many signs and symptoms of depression, they include feelings of guilt, worthlessness, pessimism and consistent thoughts of death and suicide. The DSM-5 states that for depression to be diagnosed patients, illustrate symptoms for over a two-week period of time. Depression can affect any one of any age, but it mostly begins in adulthood. The National Institute of Mental Health Suggests that research have shown that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

Major depressive disorder is a mental illness characterized by five or more of the following symptoms that have been present during the same 2 week period.29 These symptoms include; depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure, fatigue, insomnia or hypersomnia, feelings of guilt or unworthiness, significant weight gain or weight loss change, and poor concentration.29 These symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. They can be long lasting or recurrent. Furthermore, depression is the leading cause of disability for people ages 15 to 44. and it is a major cause of disability in people ages 15 to 44.30 Majority of them are women compared to men. Thus, in a greater aspect, this disorder affects about 6.7% of people a year.30

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is categorised by loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities and a depressed mood (Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2015). Symptoms include disturbances in sleep, appetite, concentration and energy. Sufferers often feel worthless, shoulder excessive guilt and, experience suicidal thoughts (Burton et al., 2015). Episodes often last 5 months (Spijker et al., 2002, as cited in Burton et al., 2015). One in seven Australians will experience depression (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009, as cited in Burton et al., 2015). MDD is also associated with a high suicide and relapse rate (Maj et al., 1992, as cited in Burton et al., 2015). Three treatment methods for MMD will be evaluated; interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Through this evaluation it becomes clear that combined treatment is the most effective method.