Major Types of Drug Delivery

Capsule is the most versatile of all dosage forms. Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin. There are two types of capsules, “hard” and “soft”. The hard capsule is also called “two piece” as it consists of two pieces in the form of small cylinders closed at one end, the shorter piece is called the “cap” which fits over the open end of the longer piece, called the “body”. The soft gelatin capsule is also called as “one piece”. Capsules are available in many sizes to provide dosing flexibility. Unpleasant drug tastes and odors can be masked by the tasteless gelatin shell. The administration of liquid and solid drugs enclosed in hard

The majority of medicines are formulated for oral administration. This means they are taken via the mouth, in the form of a tablet, capsule, liquid or suspension. These medicines come in a variety of

Medications that are breathed in (inhaled) can be a good idea if they are to have an effect directly in the lungs. Many asthma medications are available as sprays that are inhaled, for example. Because the lungs

The route of drug administration chosen might be dependent on a person's age because of its variants on the effects of the drugs used on them. For example, a child usually has a hard time swallowing pills so they instead would drink their medicine, it is one of those factors that would lead us to alternatives. It is the same for pregnant women and the elderly that have different effects on them, so they would have different routes of drugs.

Medicine is a very important part in keeping humans alive and healthy. Different types are capable of many things such as: relieving pain, fighting disease, “balance systems and organs in the body,” fighting infection, supplementing a deficiency, helping a bodily mechanism fix itself, and decrease, and overabundance of a body substance (Howell 2017). There are many ways that medicine can be administered, and include, but are not limited to: orally, sublingually, injection, intravenous, dermal, and inhalation. After the administration, the drug is delivered throughout all of the body systems and will perform by causing the effects it was made to put out. Finally, the medicine and waste are washed out of the body.

The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane provide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, a

Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that the orally administered nanoemulsions had a higher rate of absorption and the concentration of the drug in the brain and plasma was the highest. Formulation: The drug nanoemulsion was prepared by adding 50% of the drug solution (with dehydrated ethanol) to one ml of safflower oil and it was stirred for the oil drug mixture to distribute homogenously and for all the ethanol to evaporate. Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid.(40mg) make up the aqueous phase. Both the phases are heated at 70oc separately. The oil phase was slowly added to the aqueous phase and stirred well. The mixture was then sonicated (21% amplitude and 50%duty cycle). The mixture formed (drug containing nanoemulsion) was then filtered and stored at 4oc.Preparation of aqueous suspension was made using 3H Labeled drug and unlabeled drug in ethanol along with Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid. The suspension was sonicated in order to lessen the particle size [2]. An example is Saquinavir (anti-HIV inhibitor) showed enhanced oral absorption and increased concentration of drug in the brain when incorporated in a nanoemulsion

Microspheres formulated using 0.1 M calcium chloride exhibited the highest drug loading at 14%, with 66.5% encapsulation efficiency. Less than 4% and 35% propranolol release occurred from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in 2 hours in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). 90% of the drug load was released in increments of 5 hours and 7 hours from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Prior incubation of hydrated microspheres in SGF extended the time of release in SIF to 10 hours. Restricted propranolol release in SGF and complete extraction in SIF demonstrate the potential of alginate gel microspheres for oral delivery of

1. Oral and Intravenous are two different ways that a drug may be administered into the body. Oral drugs are absorbed by the intestinal lumen where they are transmitted to the liver to be metabolized, while Intravenous drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream. Because oral medication must go through the liver before being absorbed into the bloodstream, the level of bioavailability, or the amount/extent of the drug absorbed, is less than the medications that are administered directly into the bloodstream. Although intravenous administration allows for quicker absorption, oral medications are easier and more convenient for patients.

This Bi-Directional™ technology could be utilized to any type of dispersion technologies related to liquid and powder. When delivery of drug is required, a user exhaled into the mouthpiece of device, soft palate is elevated and the nasal cavity is isolated from the rest of respiratory system. The patient exhaled force emitted the medication from device into nostril while closure of the soft palate prevented the entry of drug to the lungs. Expended nasal passage delivered medication deep into the targeted area of the nasal cavity. When medicine is delivered to the targeted sites, air following “Bi-Directional™ flow path” flowed around to the opposite side of the nasal cavity and exit through the other side of the nose rather than into the throat or lungs, as depicted in fig 6 [129, 130]. Nasal valve is a narrow opening in the nasal cavity, created a barrier for delivery of drug to brain. Neural connection to brain is located posterior to this valve. Traditional nasal devices deliver drug in or anterior to this valve. Optinose is a biopharmaceutical company, patented closed-palate Bi-Directional™ Breath Powered® DDSs. This technology used exhale device to target the drug to upper posterior part of the nasal cavity, beyond this valve [130]. Role of oxytocin has already been explored in the treatment of autism spectrum. Higher doses

To be able to draw conclusions about the pharmacokinetic characteristics and biodistribution of a drug introduced to the body by a new delivery system, one should have a thorough understanding of the time-course of

The different ways that drugs get into the body is by oral administration, injection, inhalation and absorption through the skin. Oral administration by mouth is the most common route of drug administration. Ingestion of a drug go through the digestive process as it travels in the body and is absorbed into the bloodstream the drug eventually reaches the brain and various organs in your body. It takes a while for the drug to exert its effects if taken orally. The advantage of this route is easy and convenient. The disadvantage is some of the drug is destroyed by acids in the stomach. Intravenous injections are administered with a needle into a vein under the skin directly into the blood stream. The drugs are felt immediately as it is quickly

Due to HPMC is a pH-independent polymer, it sustain the drug release by hydrating to form a gel layer at the surface of the tablet. Sodium alginate is a pH-dependent, when exposed to acidic in stomach; it will convert to insoluble alginic acid. By the way, the type and amount of polymer affected the release of drug. For both forms of tablets usually should be stored in tight, light-resistance container or amber glass at 15-25 oc. The shelf life is three years from the date of manufacturing. For capsule extended release oral contains 100mg, 120mg, 180mg, 200mg, 240mg, 300mg and 360mg of the active ingredient. These forms using the diffusion delivery system which are consists of controlled-release coated pellets enclosed in a hard gelatin capsule. Polymers can be using both water soluble and water-insoluble polymers. When exposed to water in GI tract, the soluble polymer will slowly dissolves, allow the drug to diffuse while the insoluble polymer act as barrier maintaining controlled release of the drug into GI tract. It should be stored in tight light-closed container at room temperature

This drug comes in many different forms it comes in tabs to be taken by mouth. Also it come in parenteral forms to give IM or intra-muslcar which means in a injection form or it can be given IV which means directly into a vein by an access device. when giving the drug by mouth it takes longer to work the peak is one to two hours, the onset is thirty to sixty minutes, the duration is six to eight hours. When giving the drug intra-musclar injection the peak is unknown but the onset is ten to thirty minutes and the duration is four to eight hours. When giving the drug IV pus the peak is 30 minutes, the onset is five minutes and the duration is two hours. The dosage or amour to give varies on the patient the condition and what the drug is being used for.

Drug delivery to nervous system is still a challenge to the scientists all over the world because of the vasculature of central nervous system, blood brain barrier (BBB) which acts as the physical barrier to the passage of therapeutic agents. Though, quite a few delivery systems and strategies have been developed for delivering drugs to the CNS for various disorders, most of them are invasive and lack target specificity. Several factors need to take under consideration while designing a drug delivery system for CNS and optimizing all the factors is a major hurdle. Binding affinity of the drug to the transporter, enzymatic conversion and solubility of the drug, membrane surface characteristics of brain capillary, composition of