Major and Leading Cause for Osteoporosis

One of the key elements of regulating skeletal growth is the Osteoclasts. The Osteoclasts are responsible for initiating the bone remodeling cycle. Blood vessels and nerves are able to penetrate the bone once the chondrocytes die

“Thirty-five year old Donna Duckworth is learning how to care for her newborn of five weeks, when she bends over the baby’s crib and feels something give in her back. The next day and the following week, the pain becomes unbearable in her back. She is breast-feeding and does not want to take any medication so she lives with the intense and continuing pain. Within a few weeks, she can no longer stand it so she goes to see her physician who orders blood work, does a complete physical and as a result, sends her to see an orthopedist who x-rays and does a bone density study. The diagnosis comes back as osteoporosis and it is found she has fractured three of her lumbar and four of her cervical vertebra.”

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern that greatly affects the elderly population. Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed and most prevalent in the older population due to the natural aging process. As one ages, bone integrity begins to decline and can influence many aspects of one’s life. As the prevalence continues to increase, focus is placed not only on treatment methods for those diagnosed, but also early prevention methods for those at an early age.1 These treatment and prevention methods of osteoporosis, specifically exercise testing and prescription, will be continue to be discussed in more detail, as well as the scope, pathophysiology, clinical considerations, and recent topics in research.

The skeletal system, while appearing inert at first glance, is a dynamic organ responsible for a number of vital functions in the body; including but not limited to providing protection and support to other organ systems, as well as permitting movement through collaboration with the muscular system. At the cellular level, bone provides a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, maintains the acid-base balance and mineral homeostasis, and is the site of hematopoeisis. Like other connective tissue, bone has both a cellular and an extracellular matrix component. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and noncollagenous proteins, with type I collagen accounting for ~90% of total protein, and the noncollagenous osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, and others making up the other 10%. In contrast with other connective tissue, the extracellular matrix of bone is mineralized physiologically, though the deposition of layers of carbonated hydroxyapatite. This mineral component, making up 50-70% of bone, provides bone 's characteristic mechanical rigidity and strength (Clarke 2008). Elasticity and flexibility are due to the organic matrix, which makes up another 20-40%, lending bone incredible resilience without compromising its strength, and another 5-10% of bone is water.

Bone is a living tissue and made up of cartilage. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva bone appears as normal bone tissue, but it develops in the wrong places. Osteogenesis and ossification are medical terms which refer to the formation of bone. Most bones in the human body grow and heal up after a break through endochondral bone formation, which is how FOP bones grow. Cartilage forms first and then the bone will eventually take the place of cartilage.

The body can synthesize vitamin D with the help of sunlight, from a precursor that the body makes from cholesterol. Osteoporosis is, " any failure to synthesize adequate vitamin D or obtain enough from foods sets the stage for a loss of calcium from the bones, which can result in fractures" (Whitney & Rolfes, 2013, p. 349). There are several common risk factors for developing osteoporosis, which lead to the condition of reduced bone density.

Osteoporosis is when bones become weak or brittle, and have reduced mass. The bones in the human body are constantly renewing themselves, meaning, the old bone is replaced by new bone and then broken down. At a young age, the body makes new bone at a faster rate than it tears down old bone resulting in an increase of bone mass. However, at a older age, the body stops producing new bone and has to rely on the bone mass that was built up at a younger age.

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become brittle and lose their durable architecture. This condition can be caused as a side effect of some drugs such as corticosteroids, hormonal changes or due to nutritional deficiencies. The pathogenesis behind osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone catabolism and anabolism; which nutrition contributes greatly to. The two main nutrients that are implicated with bone turnover are calcium and vitamin D, and a deficiency in either of them can result in impaired bone matrix deposition.

Amongst the many risk factors for Osteoporosis, there are a few factors that Margaret has the power to change if she chooses to, such as her sedentary lifestyle and cigarette smoking (Osteoporosis Risk Factors, 2015). Not exercising and being dormant or remaining in bed for long periods of time can increase the danger of developing osteoporosis (Osteoporosis Risk Factors, 2015). Like muscles, bones get to be stronger with working out (Osteoporosis Risk Factors, 2015). Also, according to NIH Senior Health (2015), cigarette smokers may assimilate less calcium from the way they eat and usually have lower levels of estrogen in their bodies (Osteoporosis Risk Factors, 2015). For instance, much of the time smokers are more slender than nonsmokers,

The bone tissue in osteoblasts is constantly being reshaped which form new bone when the previous bone has been fractured, making the new bone much stronger and harder to break. They are found in the bone marrow are known as structural cells. They work in a team to build new bone and produce new bone called ‘osteoid’ which is made up of bone college and other proteins. They have the power to control the levels of calcium and mineral deposition. When they are done filling in a cavity, the cells become flat and line the surface of the bone and then are called ‘lining cells’. They respond to hormones by making special proteins that activate the osteoclasts. Once they have secreted the matric they become less reactive and maintain the matrix. When the area surrounding an osteoblast hardens, the osteoblast becomes trapped and transforms into an osteocyte which is the mature type of bone

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes the bones to become brittle and weak, so much that sometimes are they able to break from even something like a cough. The cause is as we get older the ability of our bones to make new bone becomes slower. Our bones start to break down faster than they can be made. A way to tell if you are in danger of getting osteoporosis is figuring out if as a child you attained more bone mass. If you have a lot, that's just less you have to make later in life. Chemically, your bones are breaking down like they would as a child to make room for new bone to be able to grow and regenerate. However that becomes slower and as you get it gets harder to regenerate that lost bone mass, therefore your bones become weaker. Some

It is when the cell osteoblasts are activated on the surface of the bone and creates layers of cells called osteoclasts which consume cartilage.

Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It is also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role in calcium balance in blood. The main function of bone is they support and protect various of organs in body, stores blood cell and store minerals. Bone can be categorized as a fragile part in body. The replacement and repair of bone due to accident, cancer or bone defect is a major clinical challenge which can be countered by bone grafting. Bone grafting or transplantation with artificial bone material is the solution for the problem [1].

[INTRODUCTION] Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to fracture. It has been defined as “a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture” (Gueldner, Britton, Madhavan et al. 2014). Usually the bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, by 2020, half of all Americans over age fifty are expected to have either osteoporosis or low bone density. Guelder, Britton, Madhaven et al. say that this decrease in bone strength is heavily associated with the increased risk of hip, wrist, and spine fractures, and the pain, along with loss of function which adversely affects a person’s quality of life (2014).

The bone is a solid system of living cells and fibers that are assisted by calcium salts. Bones also have blood vessels and nerves and other non materials.