Malari A Serious Attack Of Malaria

Malaria infection is caused by parasitic protozoan plasmodium. Several species of malaria parasites exist but the most fatal known is plasmodium falciparum. It enters the liver and replicates itself by getting into the red blood cell and ripping its way out when fully matured. It was once thought that the US military got close to completely eradicating the vector mosquito through DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and the parasitic plasmodium with vaccines until they discovered that both are capable of mutating and gained the ability to be resistant to any chemicals scientists could produce (Horizon, 2005).

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite. It is unique of the class of Plasmodium that is the foundation and cause malaria in individuals. There are other Plasmodium species that can cause malaria in humans. Nevertheless P. falciparum is the most common, virulent, and deadly. P. falciparum communicable by the female Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness.. In 2015 an estimated 212 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide and 429,000 people died, mostly children in the African Region. Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented. In Malawi, malaria is very common because

For effective control and prevention strategy of malaria, there is a need to understand the pathogenesis of the parasite (mechanisms for parasite invasion and host defence). There are four human malaria parasites; Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. However, the plasmodium falciparum is the most common across much of Sub-Saharan Africa. It accounts for all the malaria mortality in sub Saharan Africa and also over 90% of the global Plasmodium falciparum burden. (Joy et al. 2003).

Measures to control this epidemic disease are becoming less and less efficient, and more expensive. The increased risk of the illness linked to expansion projects in undeveloped areas, particularly in the Amazon basin and in Southeast Asia. The escalation of malaria cases is also interrelated to factors such as lack of health services, poor hygiene, increasing in political disruptions, unresolved armed conflicts, and accelerating effect on global warming. Additional possible causes of the spread of malaria also include the evolving resistance of the parasites that has build immunity to the current antimalarial drug treatments. On the other hand, with the rising trend of international traveling, malaria is now resurfaced again in developed countries. Countries such as the United State, England, Canada and many other well-developed nations where malaria has to make is appearance once again, where it has previously been eradicated. (Liu, Modrek, Gosling & Feachem. 2013)

Plasmodium falciparium belongs to the family Plasmodidae and is one of four different Plasmodium species that infect humans (7). Plasmodium species are obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa that are unicellular, eukaryotic and chemoheterotrophic and as a result, need a host for nutrition and reproduction (5). Plasmodium falciparium along with Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax are usually seen as human parasites (10). P. falciparium is one of the two protozoan parasites that is responsible for most cases of malaria, the other being Plasmodium vivax (6). P. falciparium is usually found in the tropics and subtropics but has also spread to temperate zones (11). Blood smears are usually used to differentiate between the four species because at the blood stage, they tend to modify the host erythrocyte differently and exhibit differences in their morphology (6, 7). P. falciparium is usually characterized with young rings in the absence of mature rings and schizonts (9). These ring stages tend to be slightly smaller and more numerous than those of the other species. Other distinguishable characteristics of P. falciparum are its high level of parasitemia and its banana shaped gametocytes (7). The genome size of P. falciparum ranges between 1x107 and 4x108 base pairs and its cell cycle takes place in two stages: asexual and sexual (10).

What exactly is malaria? Malaria is a disease caused by certain mosquitoes passing on parasites when feeding on people. The most common malaria parasite and is known to be the deadliest is plasmodium falciparum (figure 1). Once this parasite has enters the body, it takes a few weeks before it multiply into thousands and infects red blood cells. According to Malaria No More, it is also known that plasmodium falciparum is carried and transmitted by only female anopheles mosquito and feed on people between the time of 9pm to 5am (Malaria No More).

There are four species of Plasmodium genus causing malarial infections in humans (although rare infections involve species normally affecting other primates). These are

It is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species(in text reference). These parasites are carried by mosquitoes which become infected after biting someone who has malaria. Malaria is then passed on to others when the infected mosquito bites another person. In rare cases malaria can be passed to another person through blood transfusions, organ donations or shared needles.

Malaria is a growing problem around the world. This disease has taken the life of thousands of people. Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a protozoan parasite. The protozoan parasite belongs to the family Plasmodium. Anopheles mosquitoes act as a vector for the disease. This means the mosquito will harbor the disease then transfer that disease to a host, such as a human (Krajana et al., 2014). This protozoan Plasmodium protozoan requires two different hosts. It requires a vertebrate intermediate host such as a human and an insect host, also known as a vector which in this case is the

Malaria is acute febrile illness caused by infection of red blood cells with protozoan parasites of genus plasmodium. The four Plasmodium species that infect humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P.malariae. The incubation period of malaria is 7 days or more (usually 10-15 days). The

This literature review addresses the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite, the manipulation methods used by the parasite, and discusses some of the preventative methods against the disease. The Plasmodium parasite is the cause of the disease malaria, which is most prevalent in Africa however there have been cases all over the world. In 2012, 627,000 people died from malaria, the majority of which were children under the age of five. Its complex multi-stage life cycle makes it very difficult to treat, with symptoms synonymous with those of the flu, and relapses being extremely common. The fact that the life cycle is so complex in both species the parasite infects means that eradicating the disease altogether is almost

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)

The best place to find malaria is where temperature, rain, and humidity are at the optimal conditions. Some of the parasites will mature faster in the mosquito from the warmer climate (above 20oC). Other parasites have adapted to the cooler temperatures. “Transmission of the disease will not occur at higher elevations, in the desert, where transmission has been interrupted by eradication, or colder