Malaria Case Study

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

In Kenya, an African country that is affected by Plasmodium falciparum, the most aggressive of the four species of malaria, the negative economic impact of malaria can be clearly seen. Malaria-related GDP losses reached 2-6% of the total economic output of the country, with 58% of those losses being in the agricultural sector and 7% in the industrial sector (Chima, 2003). When workers or their children contract malaria, they are unable to go to work, work effectively, or spend money on things other than treatment (Chima, 2003). In other words, malaria acts as a drain on both the productivity of a country, as often there is no other person available to take the place of the absent worker. Furthermore, the costs of finding alternates to replace workers who have fallen ill, or must take care of their children is placed squarely on the shoulders of businesses, while the individual who contracted malaria, or must care for someone who has malaria is unable to both earn money for their absent days, as well as spend money in areas other than the treatment of malaria, thus stimulation only a small portion of the economy, and effectively blocking the circulation of funds in the economy to their fullest extent (Chima, 2003).

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical to the effective management of malaria. The global impact of malaria has spurred interest in developing effective diagnostic strategies not only for resource-limited areas where malaria is a substantial burden on society, but also in developed countries, where malaria diagnostic expertise is often lacking [4,5]. Malaria diagnosis involves identifying malaria parasites or antigens/products in patient blood. Although this may seem simple, the diagnostic efficacy is subject to many factors. The different forms of the 5 malaria species; the different stages of erythrocytic schizogony, the endemicity of different species, the interrelation between levels of transmission, population movement, parasitemia,

With the rise of quick information, our perceptions are extremely skewed due to biased sources that show only one position. The beauty of international relations is that it gives the ability to see so many different positions to come up with the most agreeable among countries. To be involved with international law or relations a “state” has to have property, people, and a government that would allow it to be involved with foreign policies. The states within the United States of America would not be involved, but the USA as a whole nation is the one that practices it. There have always been involvements international relations, like treaties and trade regulations, but with the creation of United Nations after World War 2, there became

Malaria is a virus transmitted by a vector known as the mosquito. When pregnant female mosquitos hunger for human blood spreads the virus. Malaria can also be spread via blood to blood, such as transfusions, organ donation, and childbirth. Mosquitoes acquire the virus when biting an infected human. Malaria has two hosts the human and the mosquito. The virus is transmitted from the mosquito via saliva when being bit. The parasite begins it journey in humans in the liver then in a week going into the blood and disrupting normal red blood cell activity. When a mosquito has a blood meal from a infected person the parasite is the transmitted and develops to become a cyst and entering infective state traveling to the mosquitoes salivary glands waiting to be transmitted to a new host.

Since travel as become more prevalent in and out of West Africa clinicians need to be ever vigilant and take a good travel history, as well as isolate and test ill travelers if symptoms should present. The CDC has issued detailed guidelines regarding identifying, isolating, diagnosing, and treating patients (Thomas R. Frieden, 2014). Health care workers are not the only ones to receive guidelines the CDC has also issues guides for cargo, cleaning, and airline flight personnel as well.

The blood film and the background information considering their recent travel to Nigeria leads us to believe this infection present in this patient is a form of malaria. The blood film provided for the patient shows some morphological changes to erythrocytes as well as the malarial parasite which is present.

Malaria claims more lives than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year. According to the World Health Organization Research, Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium (WHO, 2011). It is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Unfortunately, an estimated death toll of 1 million African children is reported. Thus this paper will aim to further define this condition while describing clinical manifestations and preventive

This was followed by biochemical tests which are quicker ways to identify the sub classes of the organisms. The results obtained are reliable. it is also an important step in the screening of infectious agents in clinical specimens such as direct smears from a patient.

If you're traveling to areas where malaria is common, it’s strongly recommended that you take preventive medicine before, during and after your trip.The antimalarial medications most commonly prescribed in the United States include:

Malaria affects more children under 5 years. It cannot affect them the first 2 months because of the immunity that she gives to her baby during pregnancy. At the beginning symptoms of malaria appears on the child with high fever leads to chilling in the body and other symptoms like rapid breathing, stomach pain, loss of appetite, and sleeplessness. Symptoms of malaria starts appear from the first 10 days to four weeks. Most probably this disease leading to death for children, because it is difficult to treat this dangerous

These symptoms include; fever, fatigue, vomiting, headaches. In some severe cases malaria has been known to cause yellowing of skin, learning disabilities, seizures, coma, and even death.

Some may not even experience the symptoms until months later or not even at all depending on the mosquito bite. “The amount of time between the mosquito bite and the appearance of symptoms varies, depending on the strain of the parasite involved (#3).” Malaria can be taken as a different type of disease because the symptoms are not specific so it could be hard to diagnose. Getting ones blood tested is very important if you suffer from any of these symptoms including; high temperatures, headaches, diarrhea, muscle aches. “In rare cases, malaria can lead to impaired function of the brain or spinal cord, seizures, or loss of consciousness (#7).” There are two different types of symptoms for malaria, uncomplicated and severe. “Uncomplicated malaria typically has the following progression of symptoms through cold, hot and sweating stages: sensation of cold/shivering,

Malaria is a non-contagious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus. It is not spread from person to person in the manner that influenza or the common cold would be, and it is not sexually transmitted either. There are, according to the CDC, more than 100 species of Plasmodium parasites which can infect animals such as reptiles, birds and mammals. Four species have been recognised to infect humans in nature. In addition to this, there is one species that naturally infects macaques which has recently been recognised to be a cause of zoonotic malaria in humans. (CDC, 2012). These four species of Plasmodium parasites are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and