Malaria In America Analysis

About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers” (Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Malaria risk is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. Some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets so the traveler should be weary of areas whose climate is conducive to mosquitoes.

Malaria has been in existence for thousands of years. Many historical records show that it has affected human civilization greatly by plaguing and causing mass death. The earliest record can be traced back to 2700 BC in China (Cox, 2002). It has been long associated with swamps and insects for hundreds of years but often believed to be the air from swamps causing the plague. The term malaria rooted from two Italian words ‘mala’ and ‘aria’ which literally means bad air. Humanity did not know the true nature of the long thought disease until 1894 when a Scottish physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that it was actually the parasite in mosquito that is causing the malaria.

Malaria is an ancient disease caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium. Mosquitoes infected with a malaria parasite have been found preserved in approximately 30-million-year-old amber (Mehlhorn, et al.), and the malaria antigen has been detected in the tissues of Egyptian remains dating back to 3200 BC (Miller, et al.). There are many examples where malaria epidemics have had a significant impact on human history, and this is especially evident during the many wars throughout history. As far back as the fourth century A.D., Attila the Hun’s invasion of Rome was stopped because of malaria (Kakkilaya). During the Revolutionary War, malaria helped the Americans win their independence because many of the British armies were too sick to fight (McNiell). During World War I, British, French, German, and American armies were unable to fight because of malaria (Kakkilaya). A French commanding general when ordered to attack was reported to have replied, “Regret that my army is in hospital with malaria” (Kakkilaya). In World War II, early during the Pacific campaign, more soldiers fell to malaria than to enemy (“Institute of Medicine”). Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was founded in 1942 to control malaria near military training bases in the United States ("Our History - Our Story"). After World War II, MCWA went on to become the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Because the South was where most malaria transmission occurred and was where the MCWA had been

In addition, diseases such as Hookworm and Malaria–brought to Latin America through colonisation and slavery–cause economic problems to this day. According to Hausmann (2009): “countries at a high risk of malaria grow 0.6 per cent slower than countries free from malaria”. Exports can be affected such as during the Cholera outbreak in Peru in 1991 which cost the fishing industry $800 million (Hausmann, 2009). It also increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity (Hausmann, 2009). Presently, resistance means that cheap medications for treatment of and protection from malaria are becoming less effective (Gallup et al., 2003, p.135). As

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

Philadelphia was the busiest port and the largest city in America. In July 1793, there were thousands of Caribbean’s refugees who escaped from political turmoil to live in Philadelphia. In that summer, the weather was unusually dry and hot. The water levels of the streams and wells were reduced sharply, which lead to provide an appropriate habitat for insects. All of these changes caused a perfect atmosphere for the Yellow Fever epidemic to exist (EyeWitnesstoHistory, 2016). The symptoms which will appear during the first week of being a victim of this disease are: muscle aches, headache, red eyes, dizziness and nausea (WHO, 2016). This research will discuss the personal characteristics, the treatment and prevention of the Yellow Fever disaster

about 207 million cases of malaria and 80% of cases of malaria in the world are in Africa. There

Malaria is a disease passed on by mosquitos, which causes chills, fever, sweeting and damages the red blood cells. Malaria spread throughout the population and military, causing 412 000 soldiers deaths and 20 000 deaths out of the military. It was very hard to recover or stop the disease from spreading due to the long war and lack of medical knowledge. In the first place, the carriers of the malaria disease was the military surgeons working in the tropical countries. The army doctors were given the job to find out how to prevent the disease or to curer the fever.

Malaria has been a huge problem among many developing nations over the past century. The amount of people in the entire world that die from malaria each year is between 700,000 and 2.7 million. 75% of these deaths are African children (Med. Letter on CDC & FDA, 2001). 90% of the malaria cases in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Once again, the majority of these deaths are of children (Randerson, 2002). The numbers speak for themselves. Malaria is a huge problem and needs to be dealt with immediately.

From the beginning of human history, we, as a species, have made an extreme effort to adapt. Through famine, drought, and war, we miraculously found a way to survive 200,000 years and dominate almost every continent (Shillington 13). One of the key methods to our survival throughout history is our understanding of diseases. Though it would take us tens of thousands of years to understand exactly what diseases are, we did notice that certain areas were more likely to make people sick and that these places were to be avoided at all costs. A prime example of this is the avoidance of swamps in early Africa due to sleeping sickness. Spread by the tsetse fly, sleeping sickness is a disease fatal to humans as well as livestock. When it was noticed that these blood sucking flies rarely left swampy areas, early humans learned to avoid these them, which in turn lowered the amount of deaths cause by sleeping sickness (Shillington 26). However, not all diseases are solved simply by moving locations. In modern day Africa, one of the deadliest diseases is malaria. Being carried by mosquitos, malaria can exist almost anywhere on the continent. According the Doctor’s Without Boarders, a child in Africa dies of malaria every minute (Doctors Without Boarders). Though larger countries have the ability and resources to fight malaria, younger countries are finding difficulties eliminating this disease. One of these

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Malaria can cause diarrhea, fatigue, pain, and vomiting.Malaria affects more people in Colombia that the United States. Malaria is one of the most serious health problem in Colombia. A lot of people in Colombia are at risk for Malaria because 85%% of the Colombian rural territory is at an altitude less than 1,600 m above sea level, which is a condition suitable for malaria transmission. In Colombia from 1990 to 1991 the number of reported cases was 2,964,818. In the United States Malaria is not a high risk disease as it was eliminated in the 1950’s. Between 1957 and 2015, in the United States, 63 outbreaks

This can lead to new generations of mosquito that are resistant to the pesticides and therefore much more difficult to wipe out. This is a significant obstacle to eradication efforts in places that are larger and less easily organized to fight malaria than Trinidad was. As a result, the measures that eliminated malaria in Trinidad must be applied in conjunction with an evolutionary understanding of mosquito resistance if they are to be effective elsewhere today.

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)

Malaria is one of the ten most common, yet deadly diseases in the world. It is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of Anopheles mosquito, which is active between dusk and dawn. Malaria occurs in over 100 countries and territories.