Malaria Is An Important Disease Threatening People Around The World

Malaria has been a major life-threatening disease for thousands of years, and continues to threaten millions of lives around the world. It infects approximately 219 million people each year, mostly poor women and children. What is striking about malaria is the fact that it has the worse effect on those with the least ability to fight the disease. The Republic of Cuba believes that malaria prevention, treatment, and research efforts must be accelerated to eliminate the burden of this disease across Africa, Asia, the Americas, and any country or territory at risk of malaria transmissions.

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

Malaria has been a huge problem among many developing nations over the past century. The amount of people in the entire world that die from malaria each year is between 700,000 and 2.7 million. 75% of these deaths are African children (Med. Letter on CDC & FDA, 2001). 90% of the malaria cases in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Once again, the majority of these deaths are of children (Randerson, 2002). The numbers speak for themselves. Malaria is a huge problem and needs to be dealt with immediately.

In the United States, many diseases like the flu are treated easily by available drugs administered by pharmacies. However, in third world countries like Africa, medical supply is not affordable in environments festered with contaminated water supply and lack of food sources. Sub-Saharan Africa is plagued by many diseases, but the most common disease is Malaria. Malaria is a type of disease that is spread by the female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. An individual will start to experience high fevers and chills. If left untreated, the individual could possibly die (Heyneman, 2014). Antimalarial drugs are a type of treatment that can counteract this disease. Doxycycline is an antimalarial drug that is commonly used, however its

Annually, 200 million malaria cases are contracted and of these, 90% occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately one million people die annually, making plasmodium falciparum the most deadly parasitic disease. Contraction of plasmodium falciparum begins when a female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites, an early form of plasmodium falciparum, into the host. This sporozite is then transported to the human liver where it undergoes asexual reproduction producing merozoites. The merozoites invade other liver cells and enter the host’s bloodstream, where they invade erythrocyte. After the infection of the erythrocyte, the merozoite is transformed into a trophozoite, which then begins asexual reproduction near the nucleus to form a schizont in the erythrocytic cell. The schizont then asexually reproduces to produce mononucleated merozoites. When the erythrocytic cell ruptures due to the 3,000-4,000 merozoites produced, symptoms of fever and chills are induced within the host. This life cycle is extremely damaging to children; persons under the age of 5 account for 86% of malaria fatalities. Malaria has other characteristic effects, such as yellowing of the skin/eyes (jaundice), sweating, vomiting, weakness, and nausea. Current mortality rates in Africa are 9.33% per 1000 children, which represent 28.2% of all fatalities for those under five. The story changes dramatically as the host

von Seidlein L et al. discusses the changes in malaria incidence recorded at a single site in Africa over 25 years, along with future implications for disease prevention.

Each year over 30 million women become pregnant in Africa (Richard 1996), with most living in areas of stable malaria transmission. This majority of women infected the malaria risk of maternal anemia and delivering a low birth weight (LBW) baby. I will focus on the impact of malaria during pregnancy and subsequent infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. This reviews aim is to investigate the impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight (LBW) in sub-Saharan Africa with various levels of malaria transmission.

The United Nations has declared 2000-2010 the "decade to roll back malaria." The social, economic and human effects of this disease are dramatic: 40% of the world's population is currently at risk for malaria, and it kills an African child every 30 seconds(7). The presence of malaria, as that of most other endemic tropical diseases, is directly related to the precarious living conditions of people in developing countries, but is also a cause that hinders growth and development, "In Africa today, malaria is understood to be both a disease of poverty and a cause of poverty." (6). This essay aims to show the connections between disease and society in specific regards to malaria, as well as the need for a

Malaria is a major public health problem in most of the tropical regions of the world including Papua New Guinea (PNG). As stated by Allen et al., 1996 “In many tropical and sub-tropical regions, malaria remains a major cause of mortality” (Allen et al., 1996: pg1). In Papua New Guinea, being at the risk of getting infection is very high because studies reported that 90% of the total population are at the risk of being infected (Pulford, 2012: pg1). As a result, the highest out patients complains reported in PNG is malaria and is one of the leading cause of deaths, even it’s a preventable and curable disease (Pulford, Mueller et al., 2012: pg1). It will take a long time to eliminate malaria in PNG because of the geography of the country. There are a lot of swampy areas creating an environment conducive for the anopheles mosquito to breed. Therefore, malaria can only be controlled. Control measure such as vector control and personal protection have been carried out in the last eight years by the PNG National Department of Health (NDoH) under the Global Fund to fight AIDs, tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) program (Hetzel, Gideon et al., 2012: pg2) however, there seem to still be a need for increased net usage across the country. Therefore, is the intervention in encouraging Insecticide Treated mosquito nets usage among febrile patients in PNG effective?

Although there have been many years of research and planned measurements to control the outbreak of malaria, the realization of a malaria-free world remains an ongoing battle. The widespread of this disease continues to expand to different origins in the world. “An estimated two billion people (more than 40% of the world population) live in areas with malaria risk (MFI).” “The global annual incidence ranges between three to five hundred million clinical cases, with a death toll of between two to three million (Okenu).” “Malaria accounts for 10% of Africa’s disease burden, causing the greatest suffering and impoverishment among poor people, with pregnant women and children under five years of age, being the most vulnerable (Okenu).” This

Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. It is the leading cause of death in many developing countries. Young children and pregnant woman are the groups that are the most affected by this disease. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for causing over a million deaths each year and between 300-500 cases. In total, that is over 3.3 billion people who are at risk from malaria. This is almost half of the world’s population (World Health Organization’s World Malaria Report, 2013). Out of those

Of all the diseases mentioned above, malaria presents a threat to the greatest number of people. It is a health problem today in more that 90 countries, with total populations of more than 2,400 million people--about 40% of the world's population. It is estimated that there are up to 500 million cases a year worldwide (Glaxo). A British pharmaceutical company called Glaxo Wellcome recently developed the first new industrially researched malaria remedy since World War II. It is a combination drug containing 2 substances, atovaquone and proguanil, given the commercial name Malarone. While this product has proven to be extremely effective in cases involving drug-resistant strains of malaria, the atovaquone component is very expensive to produce, and each recipient requires a full round of therapy lest a Malarone-resistant strain of malaria develop (Glaxo). Most of the people who need Malarone have no access to consistent health care, and cannot afford to pay for the medicine. With this in mind, Glaxo Wellcome founded a donation program to make up to one million courses of Malarone per year available under carefully controlled conditions to the countries that need it most. Pilot areas selected by the World Health Organization include Kenya and Southeast Asia (Glaxo).

Facilitated largely by increased political commitment, an up-scaling of World Health Organisation (WHO) vector control measures and expansion of the so-called “artemisinin-based combination therapies”, the past decade has seen remarkable progress in the global effort against malaria. In fact, latest figures approximate that global investments in malaria control have amassed to a 42% reduction in the diseases’ mortality rate between 2000 and 2012, saving an estimated 3.3 million lives during this period.1 Additionally, malaria incidence rates declined by 25% worldwide, in the same epoch, and by 31% in the African region – the epicentre of disease’s devastation on humanity.1