Malathion Steps

-The sources that EWG relies on labels and websites of nearly 60 toxicity and regulatory databases. This data is also contained from retailers, manufacturers, exc. The EWG sources would be considered reliable, because they are coming from the main source (manufacturers).

What information does this study provide about the reversibility of each of the toxins? Explain your response.

The liver, an organ for biotransformation is one of the main target organs of exposed chemicals. B[a]P and metals accumulate in the liver followed by their absorption and cause toxicity to liver cells.25-33 In this study, HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line was used to evaluate the interaction toxicity. This cell line is well established for toxicological research and possesses a liver-like enzyme pattern including the enzymes for biotransformation. But the level of CYP enzymes expression is lower compared to primary hepatocytes.34, 35

as follows: before meals ( 70-120 mg/dL), 1 hour post-meals ( 180 mg/dL), bedtime ( 70-120

Nelsen et al. (2014) presents and discusses what the authors believe to be the inconsistencies among the definitions of poisons, venoms, and toxins, as well as the conflation, or mixing, of these terms within the literature. The three primary classes of toxins, biological, anthropogenic, and environmental, are defined and distinguished so that the authors can further discern the biological toxins using their own classification scheme (Nelsen et al. 2014). Nelsen et al. (2014) presents the necessity of their three-class scheme, which they proposed due to the terminological inconsistencies within and among the literature on biological toxins. I think implementing a new term to detract from the misconstruction of existing toxicological definitions would be constructive, especially with the proposed corresponding binomial classification system. This review aims to discuss the breadth and functionality of the Nelsen et al. (2014) categorization of toxins.

One of the challenges surrounding scholarly work on toxicity and cancer is related to the number of variables that may also contribute to cellular death. In addition, cancers from environmental toxicity may take years or decades to fully develop, and some types of toxicity mimic other afflictions. One such example is in the maternal transfer of heavy metals during fetal development that

10 Overall effects on Humans Toxicity is deemed low via all routes of exposure Does not pose serious risks to people when applied in recommended doses.

Dosage is dependent on your condition and will be advised by your doctor. Generally, the recommended dosage will be 50mg taken once daily in the morning. Even if symptoms disappear or reduce, make sure

Methylphenol of antrophogenic origin exist in the environment due to the activity of chemical, petrol and pharmaceutical industries. Exposures to methylphenol can occur in the workplace, from contaminated drinking water or foodstuffs or from environmental media. Methylphenol is readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. Only small amounts of methylphenol produced endangerously as a breakdown product of protein metabolism by the action of bacteria.

Specific Aim 2: Conduct a comprehensive simulation experiment to detect the true MTD for different toxicity scenarios.

1989) These are the predictable, dose-dependent and common manifestations of toxicity that cause considerable morbidity in the frail population (Thompson JW, Rawlins MD)

In another study Fischer rats were exposed to a single intragastric dose of fullerene C60 (0.7 nm) or SWCNT (~ 2 nm (width) and < 1 µm (length) (0.064 and 0.64 mg/kg/bw suspended in saline or corn oil). The authors showed that both doses of the SWCNT and C60 increased 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels in liver. The suspension of materials in saline or corn oil had no significant effect on the genotoxicity of NMs in the liver. Finally, an increased mRNA expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase in the liver was noted following C60 treatment, although no significant increase in DNA repair activity was detected. The data from this study indicated that low dose oral exposure to the C60 and SWCNT NMs can result in direct genotoxic effects in the liver (Folkmann et al. 2009). However, the same NMs were not able to induce genotoxicity in colonic mucosa cells. It can be argued that from an evolutionary perspective, enterocytes may be less susceptible to toxic effects of exogenous materials. Another explanation could be related to the age of the rats used in the study (sacrificed at 9 weeks of age); it has previously been shown that uptake of 1 µm labelled polystyrene particles was approximately nine times higher in adult (5 months) rats compared to young (6-8 weeks) rats (Seifert et al. 1996). Another study in oral exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to SiO2 (12 nm), iron

Toxicants can be classified according to five categories. First category is based on their chemical structure, for example, aromatic amines (aniline), halogenated hydrocarbons (PCBs, and methylene chloride). Second category is based on their usage such as pesticides (atrazine), solvents (benzene) and food additives (saccharin). Other category is according to their physical state like gases (carbon monoxide), liquids (methanol) and solids (asbestos). Besides that toxicants also classified based on their toxic effect like mutagens (diethylnitrosamine), and hepatotoxins (chloroform). Lastly, toxicants are classified based on their biochemical mechanism of a toxic effect such as cholinesterase inhibitors (malathion) and methemoglobin-forming substances (nitrite).

Toxicology is the scientific study of poisons and the effects it may have on a living organisms. The study involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms involved, detection and treatment of toxic substances especially in relation to humans. Toxic substances are all around us and we come into contact with them on a daily basis, such as in food and drinks that we consume (additives, alcohol), in the environment around us (cigarette smoke, car fumes, herbicides), and even in our work environments (industrial chemicals, heavy metals). Symptoms and the severity of these symptoms are dependent on the dose of the substance ingested, how long the victim is exposed to the toxic substance and what category the substance is in. Toxic substance are categorised in toxicity categories ranging from I to IV, most toxic to least toxic. Category I substances would be the most corrosive to eyes and skin with a danger label, category II would cause severe irritation to skin and eyes with a warning label, category III would only cause moderate irritation with only a caution label finally a category IV substance would have minimal effects on vision and slight irritation of the skin, no signal word label is necessary for category IV toxicants.

Toxicokinetic studies provide important data on the amount of toxicant delivered to a target as well as specific metabolism. Animals are exposed to fungicides through ingestion or they are absorbed through the skin or the respiratory system. Different factors regulate their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In general, the liver is the primary site for biotransformation and may include detoxification as well as activation reactions (Gupta., 1986). slow degradation and biotransformation, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in adipose tissue and organs containing a high content of lipid membranes (Costa., 2008). The newly introduced class of fungicides are rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted and do not accumulate in tissues, but some of them are partially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.