Male Biased ASR Essay

As one looks through society, one starts to see many cracks and loopholes where one set of standards does not apply the same way for men as it does to women, and vice versa.

Reproductive monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on their sexual interactions. Social Monogamy refers to male and female’s social living arrangement without sexual interactions. It refers to the living patterns, raising offsprings, and obtaining food. Monogamy is common in birds, but also occurs in invertebrates. Why would a male mammal choose to mate with one female when he can mate with more than one? Why would the male stay around instead of finding another female to live with? Many researchers have attempted to answer this question of why some mammals prefer monogamy over polygamy. Vole rats, one of the species that perform monogamous mating, demonstrate pair boding. Male and female pairs of vole rats have been observed together over several months, and the males stay with females even when the female is not reproductively active. A typical vole family in the wild is almost always consisted of one male, one female, and their offspring. In addition, unlike other species in which females are the only ones taking care of the offspring, vole rats share parental roles and even build nests together. Because they show these monogamous behaviors, they have served as a good species/model to learn about monogamy for neuroscientists. In this paper, monogamy, specifically in vole rats, will be explained along with its proximate and ultimate causes of this adaptation.

Mate choice is a product of mate preferences form in the environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA). Sexual selection suggests that females prefer males who they can gain benefits from such as gifts. This is shown in male birds who make nests for females in order to mate with them and also in insects who give nuptial gifts.

When one male group doesn’t have the luxury of having females, they form or join a group of males similar to a bachelor’s group. In some of these species, the group of males attacks the one male group in order to take his throne and seize the females (Hoglund, J. 1995). Sometimes, the females may get tired of sharing the male with the other females in the group. Hoglund recorded (1995, pg. 76) “so they seek out males from all male groups to mate with during breeding season. Such influxes occur seasonally between blue monkeys (Rowell, 1988), Hanuman Langurs (Boories et al., 1999), ring-tailed lemurs (Sussman, 1992), and sifakas (Richard 1992).” A nonhuman

In this study, I chose to participate in the Presidential Popularity IAT and the Gender-Career IAT. In the Presidents study, I was required to recognize photos of Barack Obama and Bill Clinton and then categorize both with bad and good words (i.e. Barack Obama with good words and Bill Clinton with bad words, and vice versa). In the Gender-Career IAT, I had to categorize female and male names with either words associated with family or with career (i.e. female name with family words and male name with career words, and vice versa).

Males were courting either species, but the females were the predictors to whether copulation occurred. A small amount of variance was shown regarding the females. It was seen that female Simulans were not very choosy with who they mated with, however, Mauritiana females were very choosy both with the intersexual copulation and intersexual copulation. The Mauritiana flies still mated with their own species more than that of the other species but in low amounts. Males will still try to copulate with either species trying to pass on their traits but the females are choosy and decide who it is that will win.

While the nation today is plagued with many a social injustice, one that continues to boggle my mind is that misogyny and the objectification of women is somehow still present. Barely 60 years ago (yes, your own grandmother probably was a victim of this overt sexism), gender bias was a completely acceptable, and often encouraged office practice. While this sort of sexism is not as prevalent in today’s work environment, it is important to remember that young men at work in the 1960’s who experienced and practiced this overt gender bias are the men who grew up to found and run companies that many young people work at today. It is completely ignorant to even say that these sorts of biases are extinct, as they died out due to fear of lawsuits

This result is not very clear, since the purpose of the outcome does not suggest whether the use of space is correlated with environmental factors shaping mating

revert back to square one, the common rock pigeon. Darwin eventually formed the argument that natural selection is the best at forming matches, as those who make poor mating choices will produce offspring that may not survive or reproduce, while individuals who make wise mating choices will produce offspring that is fit enough to survive and reproduce. It was important that individuals learned to discriminate against the old line and breed with the new one. Darwin noticed this discrimination with pigeons but not so much with his famed finches. Mating season among Darwin’s finches is met by a sort of ritual performed by the finches who are ready to mate. A male sings from his singing post to advertise himself to females. If a female comes he flies to her to examine her, to make sure she is one of his own kind. He flies to a nest he built and goes in and out, occasionally picking up some grass. If the female hops toward him a “sex chase” ensues, in which the male chases the female around his territory. In the rare occasion a male and female of the wrong species have courted each other, one of them will break it off. The finches typically have a very good ability to tell each other part despite looking ,mostly the same and all having the same way of courting. One slightly distinct thing is the male finch’s song, as there are typically two versions. Laurene Ratcliffe has been able to find that the finch’s songs have very subtle deviations. These deviations are usually passed

Mate choice involves a variety of behaviors and tasks. Female choice of mates is a key part of traditional sexual selection. Some individuals choose mates based upon things such as size and age(Leonard, 2006). There is evidence that suggests that individual organisms and species may choose their mates depending upon the amount of sperm that is released from the male. Male individuals produce more sperm with other individuals who were previously abandoned(Leonard, 2006). This suggests that some individuals prefer low sperm competition during sexual selection. It has been said that females choose mates on the basis of their mates being compatible with their own genotype. On the contrary, some male individuals don’t choose mates according to age and size. They would rather mate with females who are closer to reproduction(Galipaud et al.,2015). This could be beneficial for male organisms because regardless of the age and size of the individual that they mate with, it is an increased probability that they will have successful offspring. Mate choice may also be dependent upon direct and indirect social information(Kavaliers et al.,

A recent trend in ornithology research has been to better understand how birds chose their mates through behavioral displays. This topic has been of interests among the birding community due to the fact that it reveals the social structure of bird groups and demonstrates the role of choice in selecting partners. One way for females to select their copulation partners is through eavesdropping on male-male vocal interactions as a way for females to compare different males’ singing behavior and make direct comparisons between males on the basis of their performance. In order to better understand the role eavesdropping had on partner selection among black-capped chickadees the Mennill et al team set out to find out if female black-capped chickadees base their reproductive decisions on information gained through eavesdropping.

As the result, the DNA was taken from the blood samples of the Galapagos Hawk out of three fledgling possibilities to be related to the biological parent is one. Shows other chicks belong to a group in which two adults males couldn’t find the difference genetically. DNA fingerprinting analysis of paternity in Galapagos Hawks revealed extensive mix paternity both brood and across brood produced by the same group during the years. Results that involving one male who father a single young and another that not even his own, by being part of a two-mile group. Galapagos Hawks proves cooperative polyandry, larger samples over multiple years needed to determine whether paternity sharing is true relates to male reproduction success exist. No evidence proof shows dominance interaction in groups of the most common size, such as variation in male reproduction successful

consequently the right to mate with females. Male red-winged blackbirds display and sing to establish their territories, the quality of which determines the number of mates they will attract.

The avian reproductive system is heterosexual and requires both a male and a female, each to contribute half of the genetic constitution of the offspring (insert reference).The avian reproductive system is designed to accommodate the risks associated with being a bird. Other than birds of prey (such as hawks, eagles, and falcons), most birds are prey (insert reference). Being close to the bottom of the food chain, birds require unique strategies for reproducing that also allow them to retain the ability to fly. For most birds, these unique strategies include producing many offspring and tending to the needs of the offspring for only a short period of time (insert reference). The amount of time that birds devote to caring for their offspring

One of the hardest tasks required by parents is raising children. It takes a lot of patience, attention, and precision to do so. However, there is a part where most of the parents are not aware of, and unconsciously harm their children. That is, using gender stereotypes whether through teaching or through playing with them. Not only parents do so, but teachers and certain television channels as well. Based on A Dictionary of Sociology, gender stereotypes are “one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed repeatedly in everyday life” (Scott & Marshall, 2009). Although educating children about gender roles and their differences is important for them to distinguish between the two genders, and know how to treat each; gender stereotypes should not be taught to children neither through television nor through education and parenting. This is because, these stereotypes have the potential to create a wrong image in the children’s mind, cause gender-based violence, and develop a sense of worthlessness and lack of self-confidence when not conforming to those gender stereotypes.