Malignant Mesothelioma Research Paper

Is Mesothelioma cancer similar to the lung cancer? To a certain extent it is. In Mesothelioma cancer your lungs are badly infected especially the protective sacs surrounding both the lungs. It would be better to refer Mesothelioma as a type of lung cancer where the main cause is asbestos or any material that contains asbestos.

Mesothelioma is an unusual form of cancer in that it has a very long latency period. Essentially, this means that the disease often “hides” in the body for many years, sometimes for up to four or five decades. Hence, 40-50 years may have passed since initial exposure to asbestos first occurred. This extended latency period also means that the disease is not detected until symptoms arise. Often, by that time, the cancer has spread from the primary area to other parts of the body.

The efficient delivery of drugs and energy to tumors faces several difficulties and obstacles that need to be overcome for effective cancer treatment. Nanoparticles administrated through intravenous injections accumulate at a tumor site due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, but only a small quantity of the injected particles can actually “reach the tumor” (Su et al, 2016). The majority of the nanoparticles interact with “cancer cells at the periphery of a tumor” which presents a “physiological barrier” that prevents most of the injected particles from reaching the tumor (Su et al, 2016). In addition to this barrier, there is also another significant obstacle, “cancer-associated fibroblasts”, which can also

Mesothelioma is known to be a serious type of cancer, in which the symptoms do not seen in the initial stages. According to the medical experts from all parts of the world, the mesothelioma cancer is generally detected at the advanced stage, and hence this dreadful disease has a low survival rate which is said to be one to two years. To know more the risk factors associated with mesothelioma, readers can browse the website www.medicinenet.com and get benefitted. A malignant tumor is a pathological process provoked by chaotic cells multiplication, invasion and sometimes - metastasis. Depending on the type of affected tissue, the tumors classifications are as followed:

Progressively, the survival rate from cancer has doubled, and more people are surviving now than ever before. Cancer is still the largest cause of death than any other disease; consequently researchers realize they still have a long way to go. Some of the leading oncology drugs on the market today include; Rituxan, Avastin, Revlimid, and Gleevec. Figure one (pictured below) shows the profits of these drugs in the year 2011. Cancer drugs represent the second biggest category of pharmaceuticals sold in the U.S. worldwide. Sales of cancer drugs are estimated to grow progressively, due to the population of cancer patients globally and by the opportunities given by the cancer drugs and oncology research. These things open the door for possible long-term disease management and control. This white paper will explore the recent discoveries in the oncology field and how the treatment works in the body. Although the drugs are helping patients daily, there is still room for improvement.

"There are many different types of chemotherapy drugs, so clinicians may be able to narrow down which ones are likely to be more effective than others. Successful drug delivery and overcoming drug resistance are the primary clinical challenges for management and treatment of cancer. To address this problem, we developed the tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (T-MOC),” said Bumsoo Han, a professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering at Purdue University.

Doxil is the first nano-drug that approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995. It has enhanced drug release property from liposomes and higher therapeutic efficacy than administering free doxorubicin (Dox). (Zhao et al. 2013) detailed the novel encapsulation of Doxil by complexed Dox with Pluronic block copolymers – Pluronic P85 in treating A2780 human ovarian cancer xenografts. A positive result was given by increased of Dox delivery and cytotoxic effect in tumor. Also, (Krasner et al. 2012) reported Dox complexed with CAELYX (a liposome used to carry Doxil) to form pegylated liposomal doxorubicin - DOXIL/CAELYX used to treat 94 patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in Phase III study. The result demonstrated DOXIL/CAELYX has lower incidence of myelosuprression, alopecia and cardiotoxicity but higher skin toxicity than free Doxil administration. Furthermore, combinations of CAELYX with myelosuppressive agents, e.g. ifofamide will be investigated in the future for treating other tumors.

Through imaging, the researchers learned that the breast cancer cells arrived at the lungs and then stimulated neutrophils to produce NETs. This mouse model is relevant to the human body as Park and researchers found NETs in triple-negative samples of human breast cancer. Next, Park and the team used DNase 1 to digest NETs and obstructed the signaling pathways involved in forming NETs via in vitro methods. Results indicated that hindering the signaling pathways and digesting NETs blocked invasion, the step in which tumor cells break through the extracellular matrix and allows them to travel to their secondary site. In another in vivo experiment using BALB/c mice, Park et. al discovered that DNase 1 coated nanoparticles led to a significant reduction in metastases in the lungs (Park et. al, 2016). This suggests that digesting NETs is a promising method that can be used in anticancer treatments.

A solid tumor is a benign or malignant abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. there are various types of solid tumors including colon carcinoma [29]. Despite their high prevalence [29], basic and clinical research conducted on solid tumors are still rudimentary [30], attributable to the heterogeneous nature of these tumors which limits the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments [31]. The heterogeneity in solid tumors occurs as the tumor mass enlarges as a consequence of an insufficient tumor neovascularization resulting in a failure to deliver adequate oxygen. This may lead to the presence of Hypoxic regions within these tumors [31, 32].

With upwards of 100 000 new cancer cases diagnosed yearly in Australia, research into cancer therapy and prevention has continued to increase, with approximately $252 million in funding going into this field over the past two years in Australia alone (Cancer Australia, 2016). Current cancer therapies can involve invasive surgeries or the destruction of healthy cells (Cancer Health Centre, 2011), which is why new technologies are currently in development to provide patients with an effective treatment option with limited side effects. According to Scott, Alison & Wolchok (2012), “monoclonal antibody-based treatment of cancer has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for both hematologic malignancies and solid tumours in the last 20 years”. While monoclonal antibodies are a commonly used biopharmaceutical product, bispecific antibodies are being increasingly utilised due to their ability to bind to two different entities. The use of monoclonal bispecific antibodies for targeting and delivering nanomedicines to cancer cells has been explored by Taylor et. al (2015), and their research has been outlined in ‘Nanocell targeting using engineered bispecific antibodies’. Through the use of commonplace methodology and systematic analysis, Taylor et. al provides much needed progress in the field of cancer therapy biopharmaceuticals, only let down by minor omissions in practical elements regarding further applications of the conclusions

Herein, we report the PEG-LHRH peptide conjugated mTS-mPAE NPs for the targeted delivery of mTOR siRNA to the lung tumor cells, utilizing bioreducible cationic polymer mPAE based NPs as the delivery carrier. Towards this aim, mTS-mPAE NPs was synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method to encapsulate the mTOR siRNA and form mTS-mPAE NPS. The mTS-mPAE NPs was then conjugated with PEG and PEG-LHRH to form non-targeted(NT-NPs) and targeted (T-NPs) gene delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer. The NT-NPs and the T-NPs of uniform size, zeta potential were produced. The PEG and PEG-LHRH was conjugated on the NP surface by covalent conjugated.

Thus, it takes many years before the clinical applicability of initial preclinical observations is known. The results of preclinical studies must therefore be very robust to withstand the rigours and challenges of clinical trials, stemming from the heterogeneity of both tumours and patients.

Cancer, called malignancy as well, is a class of diseases described by out-of-control cell proliferation. According to the announcements of World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading reason of death worldwide (around 13% of all deaths in 2008). The disease arises from a transformation that occurs in one normal single cell in a multistage process towards tumorigenesis. Management is not accomplished with a single therapeutic; patients often get a combination of therapies dependent on the type and stage of cancer. Predominantly, management of cancer includes the utilize of several modalities of therapy including: palliative care, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, gene therapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy 1.

Discovery of several protein/peptide receptors and tumor-related peptides and proteins is expected to create a “new wave” of more effective and selective anticancer drugs in the future, capturing the large share of the cancer therapeutic market . The “biologics” treatment option against cancer includes the use of proteins,

Cancer is one of the main leading causes of deaths worldwide. The reason for this is due to the poor results of the conventional chemotherapy. The primary cause of this is owing to the lack of selectivity of these drugs. Low molecular weight drugs can enter all types of cells by random diffusion, hence they not only attack tumor cells but they also attack healthy cells with the same potency resulting in severe toxicity. Hence, scientists need to develop strategies to selectively target drugs to tumor cells, to prevent the toxic side effects. One of the most effective strategies to overcome this problem is to exploit the anatomical and pathophysiological abnormalities of tumor tissues such as the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect for anticancer drug delivery. EPR effect is basically the gradual accumulation and retention of certain size molecules (such as nanoparticles, liposomes and macromolecular drugs) in tumor tissues.