Mango Essay

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

The consumption of fruits and vegetables have been regarded as a case contributing to the foodborne microbial disease outbreak. The contributor of the largest number of outbreak reported is melon. There were three outbreaks associated with melon including an outbreak of listeriosis in melon in 2009 which caused 9 people received treatment and 2 died, an outbreak of salmonella saintpaul in the same year, nearly 100 suspected and confirmed cases, 9 people received treatment and other suspected in outbreak of Cyclospora in 2010 resulting in at least 314 people becoming ill.There was an outbreak report of hepatitis in 2009, which is one of the largest foodborne disease outbreaks related to the consumption of fruit in Australia. This outbreak caused

There was a serious infection of orange tree in Florida called citrus greening. There was a bacteria known as C. Liberibacter asiaticus that cause scourges inside the trees and spread through insects. They already tried every way to destroy the root, such as chopped down hundreds of thousands of infected trees and sprayed pesticides, but it was no use.

cattleianum, is a highly invasive species that damages native Hawaiian forests, ecosystems, and the watershed, which can be managed through mechanical, chemical, and biological controls. In its native homeland of southeastern Brazil, the strawberry guava is limited, unlike Hawaii, where it forms monotypic stands that displace native Hawaiian flora and fauna and drive these indigenous, endemic, and endangered species towards extinction. Strawberry guava contributes further to the displacement of native Hawaiian forests by providing nourishment to feral pigs and mice that feed on native Hawaiian flora and fauna. Besides displacement of native Hawaiian species, strawberry guava puts humans at risk through increased erosion and soil runoff as well as hosting fruit flies that cause large scale damage to crops. Mechanical and chemical controls were used to manage P. cattleianum, however they require a lot of time, labor, and money, yet the strawberry guava prevails majority of the time. The State has recently introduced a biocontrol, T. ovatus, which is host specific to P. cattleianum and not its commercially significant cousin, P. guajava, nor any native Hawaiian plants. Although the T. ovatus will not kill the strawberry guava, the T. ovatus will inhibit the growth of new foliage and fruit formation. With the introduction of T. ovatus and increased public awareness of the effects of strawberry guava, P. cattleianum can be controlled and eliminated to

solanacearum. The R. solanacearum species complex subdivided into four monophyletic clusters of strains called phylotypes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that each phylotype broadly originated from the same location. Within each phylotype, there were a number of strains containing highly conserved sequences, which were grouped as sequevars. Some of these sequevars are pathogenic on the same hosts or strains of common geographic origin (Fegan & Prior, 2005). The robustness of this phylogeny was demonstrated by Guidot et al. (2007) who showed, based on R. solanacearum microarray genomic data, that the organism phylogenetic relationships of a set of strains chosen as representative of the four phylotypes matched the classification scheme of Fegan & Prior, (2005). The relationship between races, biovars, and RFLP and phylotype division for the classification of R. solanacearum is summarized in Table

The principal study that researched the wellspring of the scourge parasite ailment was charged in 1913 by the USDA. Candid Meyer, who headed the study for the USDA, reported in that year that the malady was found on chestnut trees in bumpy uplands of China. Two years after the fact, in 1915, Meyer likewise uncovered the curse organism ailment in Japan, in sloping reaches where chestnut trees were

The Southern bean mosaic virus is a virus transmitting to original host via a saliva of Mexican bean beetle vector. Not only the Mexican bean beetle carry the viruses, however, it is one of impotent insects cause massive economic injury level due to it can eat the leaves, flowers, and pods, which leads to huge damage in the various bean plants1. The main host of this insect is bean plants and it feeds on various species of the soybean, for instance, haseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus lunatus L1.

Plant viruses can have many negative impacts on agricultural crops that often is difficult to quantify into an estimated economic loss due to the inconspicuous nature of viruses. Damage imposed by viruses can include a reduction in plant growth directly reducing yield or a reduction in vigor which can leave a plant more susceptible to other environmental or pest related damage (Hull, 2002b). In addition, viral symptoms can reduce the quality and marketability of the crop which can either be in its appearance, composition, ability to keep, or be used as propagation material. Other mentionable impacts are the costs associated with maintaining crop health due to viruses such as vector control, cultural hygiene, producing and purchasing virus free material, quarantine programs, breeding programs, and funding research programs (Hull, 2002b).

Citrus greening disease, also commonly referred to as Huanglongbing, is a much newer disease to Florida than citrus canker. Although the bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, has been an issue in China since the 1900’s, it did not arrive in the US until 2005 (“Citrus Greening”). The disease is spread through its primary vector, an insect called the Asian citrus psyllid. Symptoms, which include yellow mottling of leaves, small, green, and misshapen fruit, and poor yields, may not appear until several years after a tree is infected. Citrus greening is such an important issue currently because, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, “other than tree removal, there is no effective control once a tree is infected and there is no known cure for the disease” (“Citrus Greening”). To date, revenue loss caused by citrus greening disease exceeds $3.6 billion (“Citrus Greening”). Although importing a race of orange that is resistant to greening may be helpful, the imported plants must first make it through inspection and quarantine.

Twenty three fungal isolates belonging to five genera and six species were recovered from diseased coriander seedlings and plants showing typical damping-off, wilt, root rot and stem rot symptoms. The isolated fungi were identified as A. alternata (Fr.) Keissl (3 isolates), Aspergillus niger Tiegh (1 isolate), Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht (4 isolates), Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw (3 isolates), Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (5 isolates), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (7 isolates). Data in Table (1) indicate that the most dominant fungi were S. sclerotiorum (30.43%) followed by R. solani (21.74%) and F. oxysporum (17.39%). Meanwhile, A. niger recorded less frequency (4.35%).

Because insects are the major vectors in this case, the disease can be easily passed on from the first infected squash to its neighboring squashes (Dolores, 2015). This becomes a very problematic situation if the insect contaminates a squash at an early age. The virus spreads completely throughout the entire squash fruit, leaving it one hundred percent infected and unable to produce good quality squash.

Potential for damage is often more obvious where levels of humidity and rainfall are high. High levels of disease can result from just a few infected plants since each spot produces numerous conidia or spores. The spores can be dispersal by windborne and may also be spread by splashing rain, irrigation water, insects, and human contact. This disease could be a potential thread in other new areas with similar agro-ecology especially on Dioscoreophyllum, Rhigiocarya, Tinospora and Menispermaceae crops.

In particular, there have been an increased number of reports of viroid infection, which is mostly latent and symptomless in plants and caused by the smallest RNA. Unlike viruses, viroids are not coated with proteins, thus limiting the detection methods based on the immunoassay. Diagnosis and discrimination of viroids are challenging, because a large number of nursery stock are introduced frequently and distributed rapidly among growers. Apple scar skin viroids (ASSVds) in apple cause the plant diseases including scar skin (reddish brown patches with brownish scar-like tissue), cracking, and spotting symptoms. Because of these disease symptoms, viroid has caused serious economic losses in the apple industry (6, 7).

Plant parasitic nematodes are important factors affecting crop yield in all agricultural production zone, they cause global losses to crop plants with an estimated loss of ≥100 billion US$ per year Chitwood, 2003. They have been identified as one of the major pests affecting vegetables production throughout the world, particularly, in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. More than 60 different species representing 19 genera of plant parasitic nematodes attack vegetables but the most destructive nematode is the root-knot nematodes which belongs to the genus Meloidogyne which considered one of the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematode cause damage and high yield losses on most cultivated vegetables throughout the world. Over the past few decades, producers have relied mainly on nematicides and chemical fertilizers to control plant parasitic nematodes and improved soil fertility. But, continuing environmental problems associated with the thriving use of agrochemicals and the recent drive to produce food free of chemical residues have compelled nematologists worldwide to seek for alternative environmentally friend and safe methods for management crop production. Biological control using microorganisms with the ability to antagonize nematodes represent realistic alternatives to chemical nematicides. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria PHPR are at present a promising non-chemical alternative for controlling a number of plant parasitic nematodes and

DNA was extracted from the aerial samples collected in weekly basis from May 19 to July 14 in 2014 and from May 11 to July 5 in 2015. Regular PCR conducted with P. prunicola mildew specific primer and