Mapping Organelle Activity By Using Succinate Dehydrogenase Assay

Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction of oxidizing its substrate, succinate, into fumarate via the removal of hydrogen ions from succinate. This oxidation is vital in the Krebs cycle.

Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell is partitioned by organelle membranes. Organelles together form the endomembrane system.

Understanding the activity of enzymes in different muscle types can aid greatly in obtaining more information about other processes such as metabolism of the tissues (Anderson et al., 2012). There are many different methods in order to achieve this information based in two different major categories but the most convenient method is one called continuous assay. This process includes the use of a spectrophotometer to continuously monitor the assay. This method allows for an easy way to calculate the initial rate of reaction as one can establish time points easily. In the lab performed the continuous method was used in order to determine the measurement of the activity enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SDH is most commonly found in mitochondria. It is present in many different muscle tissues including the heart, red, and white tissue. In the following lab the enzyme was tested and measured in these three muscle types in the Oncorhynchus mykiss in order to determine which type contained the highest and the lowest activity. This enzyme is involved in multiple processes such as involved in both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) (Smith, 2014). Its role in

Nucleus – The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. It acts as the control system for almost all the activities of the cell. It stores the cell 's hereditary material, or DNA

Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.

▪ Know the functions of the various organelles, e.g., glyoxysomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, rough and smooth ER, Golgi, etc.

Breaking down an organism leads scientists to identify cells. A group of cells create tissues, tissues combined are organs, and organs and their functions make up systems. Basically, cells make up living organisms. There are 2 kinds of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Within a prokaryotic, it doesn’t contain a DNA bounded nucleus; however, a eukaryotic cell does. Though the prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell, they share a cell membrane. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins, which makes it selectively permeable. It is located outside of the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings by selecting what can enter and exit the cell.

You are now ready to actually begin the Citric Acid Cycle. You start by combining the acetic acid (two-carbon) with oxaloacetic acid (four-carbon) to form a six-carbon molecule known as citric acid (hence where the name of this stage came from). This stage takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.

It achieves this my measuring the mitochondrial enzyme activity and as such is used to determine the cytotoxicity of potential medical drugs. It measures the reduction of yellow 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. The MTT starts as yellow but as it enters the cells and passes into the mitochondria where it is reduced and changes in colour to a dark purple formazan product. The cells are then solubilised with an organic solvent and released, solubilised formazan reagent is measured using a spectrometer (Cree, 2011). Some errors that may occur while using this assay are that uneven evaporation of culture fluid in the wells may cause erroneous results. The MTT solution is stable for 6 months when stored at 0°C but at 2-8°C for more than 2 weeks may cause decomposition and erroneous results may occur. Microbial contamination will contribute to cleavage of MTT and the formation of MTT formazan, causing erroneous results (Sigma Aldrich,

In Eukaryotic cells, organelles play a major part in function and maintenance. If parts of these organelles are not functioning properly, or at all, major issues could be caused within that cell.

P1 – Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. A typical animal cell is seen as a tiny, three dimensional sac which is in fact made up of many components, each as important as the other. The microstructure of an animal cell was in fact uncovered mainly through the use of both cell fractionation and electron microscopy. Each main component has its own, individual function which helps a cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The components that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes.

In order for cells and organisms to “live” they need to perform certain tasks such as produce energy through respiration, send messages, maintenance and reproduction. To enable the cell to do so, it contains within small structures called organelles, each organelle is different and carries out a specific function.

Hi, I’m mitochondria. I know by now you have lots of letters from the other organelles about how they want to be “Organelle of the Year”. You really should give me that reward. I am going to give you three reasons why you should give me that reward. One reason you should give me that reward is because I am like a powerhouse to you I keep you healthy. I am like a digestive system for you. I take in nutrients and break it down and make energy for you. Another reason is that when I do this process it is called the Cellular Respiration process. The last reason is I have two layers. The first layer is the outer membrane it controls which molecules enter and exit into the cell. The inner layer is called the inner membrane it contains enzymes which

Organelles are the internal structures of the cell that are important for the cell to survive. Each organelle has a specific function for the cell. The types of organelles in the cell can be different from each other depending on the type of cell. Plant cells and animal cells both have a cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, nucleus, plasma membrane, and ribosomes. Animal and plant cells also have vacuoles, but they are rarely found in animal cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are very small compared to the vacuoles in plant cells. Lysosomes are also rarely found in plant cells but mostly found in animal cells.

Ever since the incredible discovery of the mitochondria and chloroplast, scientists were trying to understand why both organelles resembled bacteria. Before Margulis’s research, scientists were uncertain whether the mitochondria was a free organism or how exactly did eukaryotic cells became complex and vital over time. However, we now know that organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplast are dependent on other organelles within the cell to perform their essential functions. The