Marginalism Of John Bates Clark

Susan Clark faced conflict in 1868 when she was refused admission to Washington School, an all white school in Muscatine, Iowa. Victory was achieved when the case was appealed to the Iowa Supreme Court who decided school segregation was unconstitutional. This landmark school desegregation case set the stage for the future of school integration in the United States.

In 1845 John O' Sullivan while making an editorial about the annexation of Texas he invented the slogan "Manifest Destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us."(474). This then became controversial and many people started using this phrase in the thought that the US needed to occupy both Mexico and Canada itself. Manifest destiny lead to many wars like the war with Mexico and even to the civil war.

The Manifest Destiny encouraged the United States to expand its borders from coastline to coastline. Newspaper editor John L. O’Sullivan expressed this national expansion and popularized the term “Manifest Destiny” in his articles. Believing the Manifest Destiny would better America’s equality, liberty, and freedom, O’Sullivan highly supported the westward growth of the United States. These three ideas are constantly discussed in O’Sullivan’s article on the “Manifest Destiny” in the Democratic Review, which showed the passion Americans had to be separate from the ruling monarchs in Europe at the time as he stated, “these facts demonstrate at once our disconnected position as regards any other nation” (US Mexican War).

Spencer applied the principles of Darwinism to human social, political and economic issues and proclaimed that the survival of the fittest applies to human societies which became Social Darwinism. In John Offer’s “Critical Assessments of Leading Sociologists” he traces Spencer’s influence and dissects various points made by Herbert Spencer himself. He quotes Herbert Spencer when analyzing Spencer’s perspective of Social Darwinism. “The prosperity of a species is best supervised when among adults each experiences the good and evil results of his own nature and consequent conduct.” Spencer also states “It is much better that the ruminant animal, when deprived by age of the vigor which made its existence a pleasure, should be killed by some beast of the prey, than that it should linger out a life made painful by infirmities, and eventually die of starvation.” It is at this point that Spencer begins to cross Darwinism’s take on natural selection to social conditions. While Spencer is still speaking in reference of animals, he describes the death of animals as a means of relieving their pain and suffering. This is where Spencer begins to speak in reference to humans. “A sad population of imbeciles would our schemers fill the world with, could their plans last. A sorry kind of human constitution would they make for us – a constitution continually going wrong, and needing to be set right again – a constitution ever

John O’Sullivan, an influential democratic writer, once stated, “We are the nation of human progress, and who will, what can, set limits to our onward march?” The people of the United States believed they had the right to take land from Native Americans of North America, and make it their own, all under the jurisdiction of God - and O’Sullivan put a name to this belief in 1839: Manifest destiny. Manifest Destiny resulted through misguided beliefs of predestination and white superiority, in which white men, despite opposition, forced their way to the west coast of America. Motives of religion, economic, race, and nationalism contributed to the justification of their ambitious goals and the repercussions.

This chapter explains how life in Clarkston change from being a little town that was socially divided into middle and working people, and an original settlement for yeoman farmers and railroad workers to becoming a resettlement place for refugees. Clarkston began to change when in the 1970s the atlanta airport expanded and became the first international hub. This brought up jobs and those people need places to live so eventually many apartment complexes were build. As this continued the population in Clarkston double. In the 1980s due to the increase of population the crime rates and many of the white people in Clarkston left their apartments causing Landlords to make less money and eventually filling the apartments through government housing

The theory, which insists on conducting ourselves in ways that leads to a greater majority being happy suggests that individuals must sacrifice their own happiness and seek happiness for others. This concept is not wrong as it is morally right to consider all other individuals happiness. Furthermore, it may inculcate significant values such as care. However, it is possible that individuals are not morally bound by any laws to act in this manner. A willingness and desire to help others should be voluntary and totally guided by free-will and choice rather than an ethical theory.

3.E. A drawback of using a primary source is it only being one account. Secondary sources can contain opinions and analysis which can be very beneficial in becoming knowledgeable about a particular subject, whereas primary sources are very straight forward and do not require much effort to process.

My author was Jack London. Jack London is known for his books that have the constant theme of survival. His books “Sea Wolf” and “White Fang” both use the theme of survival but they use it very differently . In “Sea Wolf” London tells the story of Humphrey Van Weyden an upper class citizen whose boat crashed and he was rescued by a passing seal hunting ship, the ghost, run by captain Larsen. (page 10.)

Jack London’s reply to his utter hatred of manual labor was to become an influential and well-loved author that made millions. His life was non-stop movement, pushed onward by the insatiable need to see the world and do as he wished. While his writing reflects both the world he saw and the ones he wished for, it was the detailed and realistic works which were told from the unique perspective of animals that stuck with the masses. By exploring how any living being is shaped by both heritage and environment, and how all living beings are subject to the law of nature and must be strong enough to survive, White Fang is the model work of the naturalist movement, and is written in a detailed and realistic style which was accomplished by Jack London

Clark Hull was born on May 24th, 1884 in Akron, New York and passed away on May 10th, 1952 in New Haven, Connecticut. Clark Hull did not have an easy upbringing. He was faced with different hardships that shaped his life. He was raised on a farm in Michigan and had very minimal education. Clark Hull was born to an Agrarian family and encountered religious conflicts within it. Because of this, Hull was adamant about getting a strong education. During school he found a liking for mathematics and geometry, which had a huge impact on his studies later on. He ended up graduating and teaching for one year before he went on to study at Alma Academy College where he graduated from in 1905. However, he was faced with life changing illnesses. He contracted typhoid fever from contaminated food. He was lucky enough to survive this but many others didn’t. This left him with amnesia and trouble remembering names that lasted his entire life. If that wasn’t enough, when he was 24 years old he suffered from Polio. This left his left leg paralyzed permanently. He was studying and working in the engineering field but after his illnesses he faced physical limitations that forced him to reconsider a new career path (Ammons, 1987).

Karl Polanyi uses economic theories conceptually to prove the negative effects of capitalism to a society. Polanyi uses the analyzation of social principals of behavior as well as fictitious commodities to further his belief of the negative impact capitalism.

The movie “The Bind Side,” directed by John Lee Hancock is based on the life of Michael Oher, the ___________. The movie follows his life from being a homeless African American boy in the projects going to a primarily white school. Through this he meets the Tuohy family who change his life. They give him shelter and become his family all while improving his talents with football and his education. In the end he chooses to go to the college his new family, the Tuohy’s, have gone to for generations and becomes a successful football player. His journey not only changed his life by the Tuohy family’s life as well.

The real source of Social Darwinism is Herbert Spencer an English sociologist who took Darwin's theory and applied it to how societies change and evolve over time. As a sociologist, he did not feel the need to improve society, for he felt that societies were bound to change own its own. He took the theory of evolution one step beyond biology and applied it to say that societies were organisms that progress through changes similar to that of a living species. It was his philosophy that societies would begin simple and then progress to a more complex form. He also found similarities between animal organisms and societies in that both had three main systems.

Naturalism typically focuses on common, everyday people, and is somewhat defined by its undertones of human insignificance in nature and often harsh pessimism. In this week’s readings there seemed to be a shift in the perspective to a distinct, and often controversial, insignificance or isolation in society. Despite some stylistic differences, the idea of loneliness, isolation, privacy, and shame was an undoubtedly dominating theme across the works of Masters, Frost, and Anderson.