Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort

At the time of the MGM Grand Fire, it was not required that fire department personnel had to be part of the building construction plan review process. The fire department is now largely involved in the construction and plan review process before a building is built. Also, construction materials used are more fire resistant. Ventilation systems have also been improved, and are very helpful in removing the smoke, rather than allowing it to make its way to upper floors of a high rise structure, which was a large cause of loss of life in the MGM Grand fire due to smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.

The Local, State and Federal agencies were called to investigate the Station Nightclub fire incident and they found many issues. The polyurethane foam that was on the interior walls was the major factor in the Station Nightclub fire. It was easily ignited and also contributed to a faster fire spread within the building. According to NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, the interior finish is required to be Class A or B for general assembly areas with occupant loads of more than 300. It has been calculated that the number of occupants at the Station Nightclub was around 440-458 people, obviously well over this limit. The ignition of polyurethane foam gave out a magnitude of smoke and heat in such a short period of time and created mass chaos, thus resulting in a crowd-wide panic towards the initial entry point. Also NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, section 13.2.3.6.1 states that the main entrance/exit shall be of a width that accommodates one-half of the total occupant load and shall be at the level of exit discharge or shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street. If the owner of The Station Nightclub would have

Correct location of IS facility and computer rooms to minimize the likelihood of fire occurrence.

2.3.1 The proposed project will face a high level of repetition as there will be a certain amount of similar or identical hotel rooms and floors. Thus, the workers’ expertise will increase with time. However, the design

Many fire service personnel that have fifteen or twenty years of service have seem many things change over time. One radical change is the way fires consume structures today when compared structures years ago, these fires have be classified as modern and legacy fires. When responding to a modern construction fire versus a legacy fire, does it change how we fight these fires? Well the answer to that is simply yes! Modern construction physiognomies have greatly changed to accommodate the comfort of the homeowner, which is not firefighter friendly. In modern construction home the floor plans are larger in size to give more living space. As the living spaces grow the footprint of the residence increases as well. As the word modern leads to occupants thinking comfort, when truthfully causes disadvantageous consequences for the fire service with open geometrics, new construction materials, and also include an increased fire load. All these construction advantages only lead to faster propagation of the fire, as well decreases the amount of time for a flashover to occur. Modern construction has led to hasty changes in fire dynamics, which at the same time decreases the amount of time to escape to safety. The structural collapse time is greater since the amount of time as been lessened

In today’s ordinary construction the fire ratings would not be the same. The fire rating would be worse in my opinion. Most of the materials used in ordinary are cheap and poorly made. Materials are made with more make-up products that seem to fail a lot more so than the older materials from later years. Materials have tests now of days to determine the soundness of the materials. These tests are a flame spreading rate test and a heat release rate test. “The flame spreading test is determined by subjecting the material placed in a horizontal tunnel to a gas flame. A combustible material will be rated as Class A, Class B, or Class C based on its performance in this test. A material rated as Class A would have a lower flame spread, and therefore a better performance rating, than a Class C material”(Quarles). The fire rating numeric number scale can go from 1 to 160. The second test would be the heat release rate test. This test would involve the size of an item or product, set the product on fire and see how fast the product burns. When it comes to disadvantages of this construction and the techniques, special consideration needs to be

There is significant overlap between the NFPA Life Safety Code and the OSHA construction standards for buildings / structures to facilitate safe egress, as well as the minimum elements of emergency action plans and fire prevention plans (Tubbs, J., & Meacham, B., 2007). This is not unexpected as continual industry feedback drives the publication of NFPA updates every three years which in turn affords NFPA research and guidelines significant clout when OSHA deliberates over proposed changes which happen to occur less frequently. Federal and state regulatory safety agencies are the basis and foundation of the safety profession which codifies regulations as enforceable laws. As such, they do not change frequently without significant analysis,

The Boynton Harbor Marina is considered to be the eastern anchor of the downtown core of Boynton Beach and continues to add to the overall success of the CRA’s redevelopment efforts, as well as being identified as one of Palm Beach County’s Marina Villages under their Intracoastal Waterway Plan Initiative. The Open Space Project, one of three redevelopment phases at the marina, enabled more public access to the waterfront and assists with promoting Boynton Beach as a premiere tourist and marine destination. The revamped marina features additional green space and designated seating areas for visitors to enjoy the Intracoastal waterways. Due to these developments the Boynton Marina businesses have incurred drastic increases in

Within the United States there are five different types of construction. Firefighters need to know and understand each of them. Every construction type have fire resistant weaknesses, these weaknesses will result in fire spreading in the building. If firefighters understand how the fire will spread, then understand how to extinguish the fire faster and more importantly firefighters are better protected from injuries or worse. In America all buildings are associated with one of the types of construction, identified by Roman number. The building codes are, fire resistant (type I), combustible (type II), ordinary construction (type III), heavy-timber construction (type IV) and wood-frame construction (type V). It is important to remember that all buildings are not the same. Each different building construction type will burn much differently than the others do. In order to be able to size-up a building 's fire hazard, firefighters need to be able to understand a buildings contents and construction. Materials that are stored inside of the building and also materials used to construct the building will both fuel the fire. Also know that if a structure is vacant or if the contents in the building are not combustible, the main fire hazard is the building. The scale of the construction types are scaled according to the fire load of combustible material that was used for its construction. A fire resistant building is constructed with least amount of combustible materials, and a

However, the assets in the resort are highly depreciated which is unusual and it is affecting the return on assets. CDR should reduce its depreciation expense since the resort is not fully booked in the low rental seasons of the year. The resort’s return on assets of -5.75% indicates there is a need for improvement in this area to ensure the company can remain competitive and continue to operate successfully.

With single dwelling house fires, we have to take into consideration of the contents involved in the dwelling as well as the chain reaction of the fire itself. Throughout the fire service industry, we face an array of household contents that fuel many fires we encounter. NFPA has given firefighters analysis of the upholstered furniture fires throughout the US. The upholstered furniture is not always a single fuel source it just so happens that the furniture is involved fuels the fire itself when it becomes ignited. The trend of upholstered furniture is on the downward spiral in the modern furniture facing the market in today’s times. The furniture is usually wrapped in a fabric which can contain synthetic, cotton, or manmade material to cover wood. The wood can be solid or compressed material which can pose a hotter fire when ignited (Gann & Friedman, 2015). The NFPA study showed that majority of the first item ignited was that of upholstered furniture. Firefighters should take that into consideration while tactical stand point of many situations involving residential fires in older dwellings. Just because of the era we are living in we don’t need to get tunnel vision when we are dispatched out to a residential house fire.

Although the automatic sprinkler system is the most widely used type of fire protection system, it does have its limitations and uses inside certain building types. As previously stated, it is generally used in commercial buildings. This is because there are usually no special hazardous materials in these buildings, or any large quantity of materials that would react negatively with the application of water. It is installed in buildings such as hospitals, schools, and office buildings for life safety first, then building preservation. Since a proper functioning sprinkler system will reduce the fire size and prevent its spread, it will allow for more time of evacuation for these buildings. This is especially useful in hospitals and nursing home settings where there may be a large number of

In order to evaluate common fire hazards within a building and the risks presented by these, it is essential to have an understanding of where fires start, and what causes them in varying occupancy types. The best process to fulfil this aim is to review existing statistical data. Existing data is a vital tool in analysing areas or functions of a building which have the greatest risk to occupants. In particular, those functions or areas of a building having higher fatality rates historically in buildings of a similar type should be treated with special consideration (i.e. Class 2, Kitchen). It is important to be familiar with these statistics as they play a key role in predicting outcomes of future fires. Using this knowledge, fire safety engineers can identify patterns and high risk factors; and apply appropriate building fire safety systems in an attempt to reduce fire

The company can also ensure the installment of fire extinguishers and fire exit doors within the firm’s premises to create better channels of evacuation during fire outbreaks. In addition, smoke detectors and alarms should also be installed to signify and create warnings in case of such.

Marina Bay Sands is a 845,000 square meter area and a $5.7 billion build cost project that was constructed in Singapore. It consists of a hotel, casino, shops and restaurants, a convention center, the Museum of ArtScience, and topped 55 stories up with a 9,941 square meter "SkyPark". The SkyPark is also the world's largest cantilever stretching 65 meters (213 feet) beyond the roof of the last skyscraper. It also contains seven site-specific works of public art handpicked by Safdie. (Saieh) It offers a full 360 degree view of the city from the top and the towers were designed to frame the city from a distance. (Arc Space) This is one of