Marine Extract Molecules And Their Application Essay

1.2 ml of the bacterial cultures are taken to pellet the cells and remove supernatant while

“While motility is commonplace among the prokaryotes, it is important to note the variety of structures responsible for motility. These structures vary depending not only on the organism in question, but also on the particular environment” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Study of the bacterial flagellum has provided insights into many aspects of prokaryotic cellular activities including genetics and regulation, physiology, environmental sensing, protein secretion and assembly of complex structures” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Continued study of all prokaryotic motility structures will provide knowledge that is likely to reach far beyond the topic of motility and pathogenicity” (Bardy, Ng,

Symbiotic relationships are those that evolve between two organisms that interact in a specific manner with each other. These can range from being facultative, where the relationship is not required by either organism, to interactions that are obligate and are required by both organisms to facilitate survival. There are many mechanisms and processes that bacteria and their hosts can use to initiate and maintain symbiotic interactions and a few examples will be described in this report.

When we speak of the word “bacteria” some individuals may not recognize how large of a role these tiny organisms play in our everyday lives. Some may jump to the conclusion that bacteria are related to the spread of germs or sickness among the human population. Most microbes are harmless or beneficial (Matthews, 2015) and a large majority of these tiny microbes are extremely important in order to maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2013).

Selachimorpha, or the shark harvested for food, medicine and leather goods. Shark skin, and scales, (denticles) are used to make leather. Shark liver oil is used in medicine and cosmetic products. The oil is used in medicine to treat leukemia and other cancers, the oil is used to prevent radiation illness during cancer X-ray therapy and to boost the body's immune system. During chemotherapy the oil can be used to increase white cell, which many are killed from the treatment. (Shark liver oil, 2009) The oil is retrieved from the livers of three species of shark; the deep sea shark (Centrophorus squamosus), the dogfish (Sqaulus acanthias), and the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus). (Bakes, Michael J, et al., 1995) Shark meat is also consumed by humans in many different ways such as fish and chips in the UK and Australia. Another way they are consumed in shark fin soup, an East Asian delicacy.

They coordinate certain behaviors based on the local density of the bacterial population. Many species of bacteria use Quorum Sensing to coordinate gene expression. Quorum Sensing is a bacterial cell to cell communication process that involves the production, detection, and response to extracellular signaling molecules called autoinducers. Autoinducers collect in the environment as the bacterial population density increases. Quorum Sensing is just a process bacteria use to talk to one another.

Vibrio fischeri uses quorum sensing to determine when cell density is sufficient to produce light. Light from a single bacterium is not useful so it is more beneficial for many bacteria to luminesce together. Bioluminesence

Bacteria communicate by secreting molecules to show its presence to others. This is similar to the part human communication of a greeting but also very different from human language in the way that there is real interaction. The bacteria are building up to attack but there is no real communication. Language would be an advantage in this situation in the reason that the bacteria

“What is quorum sensing -Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density.”

1. One of the paramount topics we have covered in this course is oceanography (no surprises there). Rather than thinking of oceanography as “just” the study of the ocean, I have always viewed oceanography as the study of marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. Before diving into any sort of detail, one can see (from the above) that oceanography incorporates four fundamental sciences into one topic; therefore, when asked to list three ways in which marine geology and marine chemistry interrelate, the possibilities are endless. Because we are to list just three examples, I am going to focus my answer on the Earth’s composition/layers. The first way these two fields interrelate is though convection currents (mantle). Density and temperature are two topics central to chemistry. Because density and temperature, along with depth, play a critical role in plate movement (geology), the plate tectonic theory is one example. The second way is through radioactive decay. Specifically, we use radioactive dating (e.g., isotope dating and half-lives) to determine the exact age of a specific geological structures. The third way these two fields interrelate is in determining the composition of the Earth’s inner core. I saved this example for last because it shows how marine physics can also be interrelated in marine chemistry and marine geology. We [scientific community] have a sound understanding of the Earth’s composition because of mass, density and temperature

quorum sensing systems act to regulate the expression of these exotoxins. Future work is aimed

It also has applications in bio-sensing, where microscopic changes can be recorded through bacteria, without interfering with the surroundings on the macro level. Other uses cited by their article include recording "metabolite fluctuations, gene expression changes, and lineage-associated information across cell populations in difficult-to-study habitats" (Sheth et. al., 2017). The applications of this technology are far reaching, and will help to elucidate many cellular processes if it proves to be reliable.

The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the

The experiment begins with engineering Escherichia coli Nisle 1917, which is a probiotic which is available over the counter. Referred to with Nissle throughout the rest of the study, the probiotic was used as the expression of the vibrio corollary quorum sensing signal for the purpose of developing a potential prophylactic for cholera. The engineering of missile was intended to create a system that would secrete either GLP – 1, with amino acids 1 through 37, or eight PDX 1 – 1 protein at its full length to the use of a fliC secretion tag. The researchers use PDX – 1 and secreted its to work as a fusion along with a cell penetrating peptide, or CPP, to create a rapid entry into the epithelial post secretion.

There is a heavy emphasis on developing new biosensors to overcome these prominent drawbacks. An ideal biosensor would provide a detection sensitivity less than 103 CFU/ml within minutes, distinguish between serotypes of bacteria in complex environments, be compact and portable, require