Markov Random Fields ( 3D ) Microstructural Map Of Materials

How are the photographs taken with a 3D microscope different than those taken with a regular camera? How are they similar?

The process stays the same, though. 3D scanning works by running a laser over the entire surface of the object you want to scan. As the laser moves over the object, a “point cloud” is created: millions of dots on a computer screen that fit together to create a 3D image. This process is extremely quick; the scanner can generate about 750,000 dots per second. These groundbreaking innovations have aided people in amazing ways.

The lateral and axial resolution of the microscope play a key role in biological studies to investigate the intricate internal mechanisms of the cell. There is a fundamental limitation with the lateral resolution of the microscope due to the finite wavelength of light. Although, during the past few years, a large number of solutions have been presented to deal with this problem, e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunnel microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical microscopy is the most interesting high resolution microscopic techniques because of its capability and compatibility of non-contact, minimally invasive observation and measurement of live specimens. However, Conventional far field microscopic methods suffer from lack of the sufficient spatial resolution for resolving subcellular structures due to the Abbe diffraction-limit. This limitation (about 200 nm) caused the emerging of the many super resolution microscopic methods such as Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy, Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM), Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (PALM) and so forth.

Ceramics Engineering-- the industry that Materials Technology Corporation, or "MTC" is a part of-- is a multi-billion dollar a year industry. Because ceramics can be manufactured to have unique combinations of strength, weight, thermal and magnetic conductivity, and deformability, they have countless uses in industries such as aerospace, biomedical, automotive, and electrical. With an unlimited number of such combinations, it is possible to create a material that exactly suits a given situation.

Use of the split body function can be used to cut a large object into parts to accommodate for the application of smaller elements. However, if FEA is conducted on large bodies this function does not necessarily reduce the time taken to run the simulation, and chance of error occurring still remains high. This was the case with the simulations containing cracks in the ‘to-scale’

Revisiting figure \ref{GLNodes}, we notice that the SEM nodal points already contain the surface cubature points while the GL nodes do not. Therefore, the SEM implementation is able to utilize the nodal values to compute the numerical flux, while the GL implementation requires additional interpolations. In algorithm \ref{alg_hexsuf}, we present the procedure of the hexahedron surface kernel. In both implementations, the solution values on the surface cubature points are pre-computed and stored in array \texttt{fQ}. The lines and variables marked with GL/SEM are the processes only needed by the GL/SEM implementation

First, we discovered that we should start with low power objective to observe. To focus the image, use the coarse adjustment knob to adjust it. When looking at high power objectives, the fine adjustment knob can be used. Also we discovered that when you move the slide towards you, it appears to move away. When observing the letter “e”, we discovered that the images observed under the light are inverted and reversed. Although we could not easily tell with the feather, threads, and potato, it became noticeable with the letter “e”. The “e” was placed like “e”, however when looked into the eyepiece, the “e” was upside down. This shows that the microscopes works in an inverted way. We also discovered that to adjust the amount of light entering the microscope, we could use the iris lever to adjust the diaphragm. For example, the white thread required little light to see the cotton fibers, compared to the feather or letter “e”. Therefore, we learned that by altering the diaphragm, we can fix many of the problems associated with the observations. Lastly, we discovered that only one depth can be seen clearly at a time under high power. When working with the crossed strands of thread, we had to turn the fine wheel adjustment back and forth while looking through the microscope to focus one strand. All in all, the lab supported the purpose. We were able to identify,function the parts of a light microscope, and prepare a wet mount(of a feather, letter “e”, black and white thread, and a potato). Furthermore, we located objects using high and low power objectives, adjusted the diaphragm to attain correct lighting, and used stains for an easier and more detailed

On a microscopic level, metamaterials are, “An array or ensemble of individual elements called unit-cells, which collectively create a macroscopic response determined largely by the internal composition of the unit-cells” (metamaterialscenter.com). In other words, metamaterial properties are based off the shape, geometry, size, and orientation of the unit cells.

bBiomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA, cInstitute of Image Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA, dComputer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.

For a mechanistic understanding of macromolecular and biochemical functions and processes of a wide variety of biological structures (i.e. cells, proteins, bacteria and viruses) (Milne et al., 2013) optical devices (i.e. X-ray crystallography and NMR, among others) have long been implicated in characterizing biomolecular structures into 3D

3D Printing is a unique kind of printing system, which takes a 3D image file and creates a physical 3D image. As I mentioned before 3D files are generated from what is called a .stl file, which is a compressed triangular meshed surface. “These .stl files were originally intended for a rapid prototyping process called Stereolithography, and in the beginning were generated by CAD programs; however, because MRI and CT’s are surface scans, they too can generate a .stl file. These .stl files have become a world standard for exchanging 3D mesh type objects between programs” (McNeel, Sep. 2015, par. 3). Since MRI’s and CT’s can be scanned and converted into stl files it has paved the way into many different aspects of the medical and dental industry for 3D printing. When I say the medical and dental industry I am talking about many different avenues within those industries.

Have you ever wanted a miniature statue of yourself? How about a homemade handgun? A spare liver? All of these items are vastly different, yet extremely similar. The items can all be made with a 3D printer (Heritage). Modern three-dimensional printing, more commonly called 3D printing, can be traced back to Charles W. Hull, who in 1984 filed a patent for a "system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed" (Patent US4575330). In recent years, 3D printing has been employed by governments, manufacturers, and a select group of private users.

3-D printing, is an amazing new technology that has already started many debates about its validity and its possible positive and negative impacts in the future. I believe that 3-D printing technologies is going to have a major impact in our daily lives and the positive benefits is going to outweigh the negatives.

A considerable portion of the defense budget is spent on training personnel to operate and maintain highly complex equipment. In the austere environment that the military operates in, this presents shortfalls in maintenance. In order to combat this and in an attempt to maintain and adapt DoD equipment in the face of long logistical supply chains, the DoD deploys machine shops, weld shops and other fabrication capabilities in-theater. However, due to lack of design information, manufacturing technology and limited engineering design expertise these capabilities are limited and only provide a small percentage of repair parts that are needed to maintain these complex systems (DARPA 2013). This is where technology enters the picture.

In this section, we discuss a case study involving use of the Virtual Reality simulation environment for assembly analysis (VAE?) and GENI resources; the primary emphasis was to compare suitability of remote collabora- tion protocols that can support several engineers from different locations to analyze the design of micro parts and propose, compare and validate/modify assembly plans. The GENI resources utilized in this case study included the ProtoGENI aggregate [4], and the OnTimeMeasure [6] software for instrumentation and measurement.