Masculinity In Homer's Odyssey

In the first section of Odyssey, mortal women are presented to us as controlled by the stereotypes and expectations of the culture of the day, and it is only within that context that we can consider the examples Homer provides of women to be admired or despised. He provides us with clear contrasts, between Penelope and Eurycleia on the one hand, and Helen and Clytemnaestra on the other.

Telemachus was the son of Odysseus, mighty king of Ithaca and hero of Athena. Telemachus was a mere infant when Odysseus set sail for Troy where he helped to conquer the Trojans and retrieve Menelaus’ wife Helen. Despite emerging victorious from the Trojan war, Odysseus hadn't succeeded in returning home to Ithaca, and so twenty-one years after his departure for Troy, his family and kingdom believed him to be dead. Telemachus had lived his entire life without his father and as the Odyssey begins, although twenty-one years of age, Telemachus seems to be a child and not a powerful young man. Telemachus was first portrayed as a somber young lad who's heart was stricken with grief for the loss of his father. He was daydreaming and keeping to himself

For thousands of years it can be considered debatable on the true view of women over the years but one thing is for sure, many women suffered one commonality - discrimination. For decades women have been told the classics; “you can’t”, “you’re not strong enough”, “stay in the kitchen”, and because of this, young women today believe this is what they are viewed as. In “The Odyssey” there are many characters that share their disgust with the female gender and many who worship them,just like today. There is a possibility, even though it’s 2017, that there may be some men who believe men were given certain jobs to do and women should stick to what they were “meant to do”. It’s an issue - it’s teaching young men and women that women cannot do the same as men. It teaches women the true heroes are men, that women cannot be the ones to sail across the sea, to fight monsters, or even to simply be in charge of themselves. Since specific roles are assigned in “The Odyssey” to both men and women, it can teach women that while times have changed, in society it’s somehow important for women to be second next to men, when in reality that is not true.

Gender stereotypes has been around for many decades, and have been passed on from generation to generation. These gender stereotypes play a big role in how people are looked upon in society. The ancient Greeks portrayed masculinity as being brave, strong, powerful, superior to women, and in no way feminine. Some of these male expectations are still maintained in society today. In the book “The Odyssey of Homer” written by Richmond Lattimore, there are many of the male expectations that the ancient Greeks said to be true can be found in this book.

The Odyssey by Homer is one of the two major Ancient Greek epic poems. This epic poem was mainly about Odysseus and his journey home to his family and loved ones in Ithaca. In "The Odyssey," Homer demonstrates the dominant roles played by men, while women occupied a more submissive position to their husbands /masters. Greek society was organized and directed by men who played the most important roles. Of course, women were as valuable, but their roles were not as powerful as men. In fact, they would only participate in activities that were approved of men. Homer used these themes in "The Odyssey" to differentiate between the two genders. However, gender roles were depicted in the poem by one of the main characters' Penelope, in which she plays a very important role. She provides the motivation for her husband Odysseus's to return to Ithaca. She is also the center of the plot involving the suitors and the fate of Telemachus and Ithaca itself. The characterization of Penelope in the poem shows the expected role of women in Ancient Greece. Even in the household that she is supposed to be in charge, she lacks power. Her values are shown in her faithfulness to her husband even though he been gone for 20 years, and in the end, she is seen as a prize to be won. Even though women were considered valuable, they were not given important roles or any decision making power.

In the Odyssey Telemachus has varying relationships with his mother, Penelope, the suitors, and his nurse, Eurycleia; a mother and son but also head of household and subordinate member of the household, a young boy and superior men, and a son and mother but also a master and servant. In the poem, Telemachus must find out what became of his father, Odysseus, who never returned home from the Trojan war. Meanwhile suitors from various places try to force his mother, Penelope, into marriage while they deplete all of Odysseus’ resources and destroy his house. With all of these complicated situations, Telemachus must take on a variety of different roles depending on who he’s interacting with. Based on the text, Telemachus has superior, strained, and complex relationships with his mother, the suitors, and Eurycleia.

The Odyssey is the product of a society in which the dominant role was played by men. In ancient Greece, just as in the whole of the ancient world, and in America and Western Europe until the last century, women occupied a subservient position. Society was organized and directed by men, and all of the most important enterprises were those which men arranged and implemented. Women were valued, but they participated in the affairs of the world only when they had the tacit or open approval and permission of the men who directed their lives.

For this informative report I will attempt to point out the roles women and how they are viewed in ancient Greece. I will then show how these views are present in Homer’s "The Odyssey." How are women, goddess or mortal, conveyed in "The Odyssey?"

Therefore to restore order Homer uses this symbolic reverse of the sexes. This in part disrupts the norm in order for peace to be restored. Without Odysseus experiencing the limitations of his masculinity, order within Ithaca and his family would not be restored. On his journey back to his native land, Odysseus experiences many cultures who’s social order is a complete reversal of his own. This includes variations of where women are placed within their society as well as their communal, sexual and political roles. In book 10 when Odysseus is on Circe’s island, his men flock around him like calves about their mother. This symbolically makes the men feel like they have regained Ithaca, however Odysseus is not Ithaca. When Odysseus journeys to the underworld he realizes that his masculine identity depends not only on his heroic duties and warlike actions, but also on the people who surround him like his wife, son, mother and father. When talking to Achilles in the underworld, Odysseus learns that because these warrior’s identity is directly associated with their masculinity their identity basically disappears in death. Death is therefore the emasculating form of loss of oneself to these characters. Since his masculinity is gone while he resides in the underworld, he learns that his brave and heroic actions and everything he fought for does not hold any significance in this

Women are commonly thought to be inferior to men; however, Homer depicts them as being superior, redefining their stereotype. In his epic, Homer gives women the ability to thwart men by using some of their stereotypical feminine characteristics, such as beauty and flirtatiousness, to manipulate and deceive the men in the poem. Calypso, a nymph inhabiting the island of Ogygia, hindered Odysseus on his journey by keeping him on her island for years. Odysseus was “racked with grief in the nymph Calypso’s house- she holds him there by force./ He has no way to voyage home to his own native land,/ no trim ships in reach, no crew to ply the oars/ and send him scudding over the sea’s broad back” (Homer 5.16-19). In the usual received idea, men

Throughout Homer’s The Odyssey, it is suggested within books one through four that Telemachus is, in a way, coming of age and growing into a stronger, more independent young man similar to his father, Odysseus. When Telemachus is first introduced as Athena arrives at his palace, his first impression is given as a whining, self-pitying child wallowing in the shadow of his lost father. As he sees Athena, disguised as Mentor entering the palace, in his first thoughts immediately circle back to his desire to meet his father, and how maybe “he might drop from the clouds” (1. 135). Although he quickly regains his composure and greets Mentor showing his utmost courtesy and xenia, his introduction shows that he is still immaturely attached to his

This statement is very telling as it defines not only the appearance of the great Odysseus, but also the son he left behind. Furthermore, it begins to develop a timeline of actions by announcing that Odysseus left home when Telemachus was only a baby. Nestor recognizes that Odysseus ' appearance, vivacity, and personality are apparent in his progeny, Telemachus. This is encouraging to Telemachus as he hears that he resembles the great king Odysseus. As Telemachus presses for news of what has become of his father, Telemachus learns that his father may yet be alive and held captive by a goddess-nymph named Calypso. He then glorifies the strong will of Orestes and encourages Telemachus to do the same: "And you, my friend - / how tall and handsome I see you now - be brave, you too, / so men to come will sing your praises down the years." (3, 226 - 227).

Throughout the last few books of the Odyssey, Homer explains to the reader how Odysseus reestablishes his relationships with his family and friends of Ithaka. It’s possible the restoration of his relationship with his son, Telemachus, is the most significant event of all. This reconnection carries out three main purposes. First, it serves to characterize Telemachus' likeness to his father in the virtues of wisdom, humility, patience, and organization. Secondly, it enables Odysseus a chance to coach Telemachus on how to be a powerful ruler like he is. Lastly, Homer uses the reconnection to highlight the importance of a healthy family structure to a society. To be able to understand

Through his journey to Pylos and Sparta, Telemachus, who was born into a very privileged and high ranking family, learns how to use his inherited social status and connections for his own interests, which will help him mature into manhood. Telemachus was never old enough to remember what it was like when his father was around. Since Odysseus left, he has lived with his mom and nurse. However, for three years, he has been overwhelmed by suitors, who have taken over his house. Odysseus was never able to show Telemachus how to stand up for himself. Telemachus has been less than passive when going about doing things to get what he wants. When Athena comes and tells him that his father is going to come home, he realizes he has been ignoring what he knows is wrong, such as the suitors throwing parties every night, and that he needs to stop them. He doesn’t have any idea of how he is going to find his father when Athena comes, but he along his way finds that he has many resources and connections at hand that will allow him to find out what happened to his dad. Athena, disguised as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus, encourages Telemachus to talk to Nestor. "Telemachus, no more shyness, this is not the time!/ We sailed the seas for this, for news of your father —// So go right up to Nestor...// Press him yourself to tell the whole truth:/ he'll never lie — the man is far too wise"(3.16-22) Here, Athena is encouraging Telemachus to be assertive, to get what the needs to know to find his father. Telemachus responds, "How can I greet him, Mentor, even approach the king?/ I'm hardly adept at subtle conversation./ Someone my age might feel shy, what's more,/ interrogating an older man."/ (3.23-27) He is intimidated. The irony is that he himself is of the higher class, and if Odysseus had been home, he would be accustomed to these interactions. This is Odysseus learning that he has high social status and can enjoy the privileges he was born with, such as being able to talk to the king. While there, Telemachus learns of the fate of the family of Agamemnon. Agamemnon came home to find his wife in love with Aegisthus, and together they kill him. Orestes, one of Agamemnon’s sons, avenges his father’s murder and kills

Since the men have so much power, the have an huge influence on others. Power was given to men because of the strength they are perceived to possess. They are said to be strong and prominent, which gives them power over women. Odysseus' wife, Penelope, had been probed by the suitors while Odysseus was gone. “Suitors plague my mother- against her will”. When Odysseus was gone, each of the suitors had been trying to wed Penelope. Although she had turned down each and every one of them, they had all forced to love and care for them. Odysseus and Penelope’s son, Telemachus, had the power to just leave his mother behind, and voyage out to find his father. He was able to do this because he was a man. "If I hear he's dead, no longer among the living,/ then back I'll come to the native land I love,/ raise his grave-mound, build his honors high/ with the full funeral rites that he deserves”. Telemachus had decided to journey out to find his father, leaving his mother behind, and only returning if he hears his father is dead shows that he has the power to do whatever he feels. This asserts the legitimacy of patriarchy since he had enough power to do as he pleased, only being a young man, he was able to take a dangerous voyage out. Men dominate women in a sense of roles, influence, power and