Mass Spectrometry Lab Report Gas Chromatography

Chevron products Company, a Chevron U.S. A Inc. division, maker of the Delo(R) brand of technologically advanced heavy duty engine oils, lubricants and coolants, unveiled a new category of heavy duty motor oil designed to address the growth of severe duty applications in on-and off-highway markets. Quality heavy-duty engine oils must also disperse soot and control sludge in order to help guard against the loss of an engine’s life. Properly lubricating the inside of a heavy-duty engine requires more than just creating a protective film. Delo products have assisted in reducing operating costs and improving fuel efficiency. Switching to this product Delo 's fuel economy products, and a 4% fuel economy improvement compared to SAE 15W-40 oils. Actual results will vary depending upon vehicle type, load and other driving conditions [4].

Dane, John, and Kent J. Voorhees. "Investigation of Nitro-Organic Compounds in Diesel Engine Exhaust." National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2010). Print.

Most aviation jet fuels are derived from Kerosene. Kerosene molecules can have varying numbers of carbons. It can have as little as 12 or as many as 15. This means the chemical formula can be anywhere from C_12 H_26 to C_15 H_32. (FOUR). From these basic chemical structures stem those that form JP-8, Jet-A, and other jet fuels. Jet-A is the lowest grade of fuel made from kerosene molecules. Typically available only in the United States to civilian aircraft, Jet-A varies from 8 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Jet-A1 fuel is nearly identical to Jet-A, except that it is manufactured to a higher standard as Jet-A, and is therefore available worldwide. Jet-A1 also contains between 8 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. JP-8, also commonly known as NATO F-34 by other nations, is Jet-A1 with a package of additives specifically designed for military aircraft. These additives allow static dissipation, corrosion reduction, lubrication, anti-icing, and sometimes anti-oxidation and metal deactivation (FIVE).

From 1992 to 2005, the most popular oxygenate for gasoline was Methyl Tert Butyl Ether,

Distillation is a method of separating two volatile chemicals on the basis of their differing boiling points. During this lab, students were given 30 mL of an unknown solution containing two colorless chemicals. Because the chemicals may have had a relatively close boiling point, we had to employ a fractional distillation over a simple distillation. By adding a fractionating column between the boiling flask and the condenser, we were able to separate the liquids more efficiently due to the fact that more volatile liquids tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, thereby leaving the liquid with the lower boiling point towards the bottom. After obtaining the distillates, we utilized a gas chromatograph in order to analyze the volatile substances in the gas phase and determine their composition percentage of the initial solution. Overall, through this lab we were able to enhance our knowledge on the practical utilization of chemical theories, and thus also demonstrated technical fluency involving the equipment.

The objective of the lab was to purify compounds that can be turned into gas at a reasonable temperature without using decomposition. Gas chromatography was also used to identify the proportions of the volatile compound in the different samples. The mixture of hexane and octane was assigned to me and my partner. The apparatus for simple distillation was assemble using a thermocouple, air condenser, distillation head, metal keck clamps, and a conical reaction vial. The joints of the glassware were greased before assembly. Four boiling chips were placed in the conical ration vial before it was assembled. After being assigned a mixture, 3.5 mL of the mixture was put into a reaction vial. The apparatus

While hexane and octane had the lowest values of 15.4KJ/g for hexane and 10.44KJ/g for octane. This was in comparison to the average value of the control tests for pentanol which was 12.67KJ/g. Theses average values in comparison to the theoretical values of the tests are about half the value due to large percentage errors. These results reveal that the alkanes that have an odd number of carbon atoms in their chain released more heat than the alkanes with even numbers of carbon atoms in their chain.

The experiment was conducted to discover whether higher chain alcohols (emulsified with the diesohol) will have a higher heat output compared to the shorter chain alcohols, (as more products will be created within the combustion of the higher chain alcohol diesohols), was discovered to be partially supported. The heat output of each diesohol was measured using calorimetric techniques, in order to collect data and support the hypothesis. As can be seen in Figure 1, the heat output of diesel and 5% hexanol was significantly higher than the blend of diesel and 5% ethanol, displaying synergistic effects. However, the diesel + octanol blend was an outlier, as it did not follow the trend of the data and increase in energy above the hexanol (dropped to 5.6 kJ/g instead of rising above 6.3 kJ/g). As seen in Figure 1, both butanol and octanol mixed with diesel and the pure alcohols had similar heat outputs, regardless of the length of their carbon chain length. Perhaps, due to the even chain length of butanol (4) and octanol (8).

Print out a copy of the results from the Gas Chromatograph. Obtain a mass spectrum for the unknown component in the liquid sample. Data and

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Arson Detection : The Discovery of Flammable Liquids . In this practice , we analyzed flammable liquids by the method of gas chromatograph . First of all , we tried to find the retention time of standard flammable liquids to be able to identify our unknown sample comparing with their retention times . The standards samples were : charcoal lighter , gasoline , kerosene , light fluid , shellac thinner , and paint thinner . The retention time is calculated by the formula : We injected 5 (1)�L of paint thinner using the syringe needle into the gas chromatograph and we used the speed of 1cm/min to test which volume could be used . However , the pick was too high and we changed the volume (2)to 1 �L , which was better . With the parameters defined

Using the Gas Chromatography data, peak A had an area of 0.3 mm2 and a percentage of 4.6 %. Peak B had an area of 6.21 mm2 and a percentage of 95.39%. The results are consistent with Zaitsev’s rule. According to Zaitsev’s rule, 1-methylcyclohexane should be the major product. The little peak comes of first which represents the product with the lower boiling point. That product was 3-methylcyclohexene. The larger peak had a longer retention time which represents the product with the higher boiling

Petrol is an organic substance resulting from oil found underground. It contains a mixture of volatile, toxic hydrocarbons. Tetraethyl lead is commonly added to petrol during the creation progress. Petrol sniffing has become a dangerous practise throughout the Aboriginal community. It was first introduced in 1951. The US servicemen whom were located at the nation’s Top End, are often thought to be those who introduced Aboriginals to the method, during the events of World War Two.

As is common for most alcohols used in gasoline, methanol is fully soluble in water and also miscible with gasoline-type hydrocarbons. Some cosolvent alcohols (ethanol, propanols, or butanols) are generally required in the methanol premix used for gasoline blends to provide adequate water tolerance (solubility) or phase stability where colder temperature conditions are experienced during the year. Similar to most gasolines and other alcohol fuel blends, inhibitors or additives are recommended for fuel methanol to provide added protection against corrosion of fue system metal parts and components. Properly blended gasoline with fuel methanol is typically compatible with materials commonly used in gasoline distribution systems as well as vehicle fuel systems. In general, the fuel methanol premix is handled in a similar manner as gasoline or gasoline blending components with the exception of added precaution to keep the fuel methanol premix from being exposed to any water or moisture. Methanol gasoline blends have been successfully shipped commercially in barges, pipelines, and tanker trucks similar to conventional gasoline. As discussed later, because of methanol’s affinity for water, some precautions

After gasoline is refined, some chemicals are added. Some of the chemicals that are added are anti-knock compounds. Usually these compounds react quickly to the chemicals in the gasoline that burn quickly so that it could prevent “engine knock”. After this other additives are added to prevent the formation of a gum type of congestion in the engine. The gum is more of a resin that is formed in gasoline that can coat the internal parts of the engine and increase wear.