Massive Resistance Policy Summary

Blue laws and Black codes : conflict, courts, and change in twentieth-century Virginia. Wallenstein, Peter. University of

There was enormous resistance from forces in the South throughout these years, these reforms were not easily instituted; yet, the movement toward real equality ended in 1870. In that year, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts introduced a bill which, had it been passed unchanged, would have abolished racial discrimination and segregation in “public schools, cemeteries, railroads...inns..and the exclusion of citizens from jury service on the basis of race.” Unfortunately, this final triumph of the Reconstruction met with defeat.8

Shelby Steele is a well-known African American author, professor, and commentator on race relations. Steele wrote several books, commentaries and essays, and one of them is “The New Sovereignty” in the 1990s. “The New Sovereignty,” by Shelby Steele was trying to persuade the American society, specifically all the minority groups seeking entitlement that America was meant to be a democratic society with integration and not a society that relies on collective entitlement. In this essay, Steele tries to remind the society what true democracy means. Steele argues that even though early civil right leaders fought to get democracy with integration, later on, the society was creating new segregation groups. The only difference was that before, segregation

In Nikole Hannah-Jones’ “The Resegregation of Jefferson County” shows the event that recently happened in Gardendale, Alabama where the group of parents named itself FOCUS (Future of Our Community Utilizing School) try to separate Gardendale’s schools from Jefferson County school district. One of the Focus creator, David Salters, explained that the primary goal of operation for secession is to take control over the local education and local funds, which would provide a better environment and better future for local students. Jones argues that the main reason for secession is to separate white community from the black population of the county. This attempt of secession is a similarity of a landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, and Jefferson County is one of a hundred school system that still constrained by desegregation court order.

In Treatise on the Intellectual Character and Civil and Political Condition of Colored People in the U. States, Easton examines the dominating, seemingly ubiquitous power of racial prejudice in the United States. In this, Easton portrays a direct association between the endurance of a republic and the habits and sentiments of its people, ultimately asserting that the success of a republican government is contingent upon the character of its citizenry. Therefore, contrary to the beliefs of the American colonists at the time, Easton argues that institutional configuration alone cannot protect the virtuous ideals of freedom and equality that are embedded in republicanism. Rather, a republic can only be as good as that of which motivates

Throughout the years, the people of this nation have faced many a hardship that one could consider naught how challenging the tasks were. With the times being that grim, it seemed as if the goal of equality was just a dream hanging from the clouds. Although, a recent chain of events had brought everyone's judgement into questioning: the civil rights movement. Without the court cases involved, the grand quest for abolishing racism would not have made as big an influence as it had. These three court cases have aided the desegregation of the country: Shelley vs. Kraemer, Loving vs. Virginia, and Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.

In The Hollow Hope, Gerald N. Rosenberg presents a thorough and incisive argument that the Supreme Court is constrained in its ability to affect change in public policy. To prove this point he argues that, “Before Congress and the executive branch acted, courts had virtually no direct effect on ending discrimination in the key fields of education, voting, transportation, accommodation, public places and housing” (71). Rosenberg believes that the Brown v. Board of Education decision did not serve as a catalyst for change in public policy as many who ascribe to the “Dynamic” view of the Court believe. Rather, he believes the push for change in public policy came from postwar economic conditions, changes in electoral bases, the migration of African Americans to more Northern States, and Cold War Era international pressure.

Two years before the long and hard fought senate debate on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, on the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, President John F. Kennedy declared, “Abraham Lincoln emancipated the slaves, but in this century, our Negro citizens have emancipated themselves”1. With this simple statement President John F. Kennedy addressed one of the oldest and most current issues of our nation, the blatant line between the Caucasian population and the other minorities that reside in the United States of America. The racial divide in America has existed long before the beginning of America’s struggle for independence and persists today as demonstrated recent events such as the building of the wall on the United States/Mexico border. Though it hasn’t always provided the anguished minorities with chains, shackles, and whips there has been a copious amount of major periods of time in which there was a great division and sense of hostility throughout the nation. One of the most significant times is the Civil Rights Movement and the Senate Debate on Civil Rights Act of 1964 took place during this time and is the defining topic of this paper.

In his enormously influential work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, C. Vann Woodward examines the history of Jim Crow laws and discusses the gradual development of racial segregation in the post-Civil War in American south. This classic work first emerged out of a series of lectures delivered in 1954 by Woodward at the University of Virginia in front of a number of unsegregated audiences and has attempted to expose the great lie of segregationists that the South always demonstrated. With arguments, which proceed along related subjects and events arranged in order of time line, Woodward assumed that the time of the end of slavery did not result in racial segregation and racial segregation came into view after a period of experimentations and

Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality... These are the hard, brutal and unbelievable facts. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers [but to no avail].” Here King lays out the disparity of the situation in Birmingham, showing why the black community cannot be complacent any longer in the face of discrimination. The city leaders “consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation” (King 8) and instead continued ignoring the pleas the people. When a government denies equal rights to the people, it is the duty of the people to demand and if need be forcefully take back those rights.

Red giants are dying stars that are in their last part of stellar evolution. Every star will eventually turn into a red giant over some point in time. Stars turn into red giants when there is no more hydrogen fuel for the star. Inside of a star, hydrogen goes through a process called nuclear fusion where hydrogen is getting converted into helium. Nuclear fusion helps create energy for the star so that the force of gravity isn’t crushing the star together. This is also the reason why stars are bright. When the star runs out of hydrogen to convert into helium, the energy that kept the star from collapsing is now gone. Gravity then takes over and compresses the star. From this point, the helium atoms are able to combine

Educational systems are put into place to teach leaders of our future. They are there to instil lessons socially and intellectually, yet are often used in political issues throughout history. In the United States, we have seen these systems used in the ongoing debate of racial desegregation. In the era of the Civil Rights Movement and the search for equality in each city, Louisville, Kentucky became a main focus in this debate. At a time where racial attitudes became increasingly negative, in both black and white people, the need for change became even more evident. The backlash of the plan of busing for desegregation made many Americans weary of positive change, but as we see, overtime it paved the way for a desegregated city. Today, many people still living in Louisville have experienced and are sensitive to their personal feelings about this era in history. My thesis is that Louisville, Kentucky’s 1975 desegregation plan, implemented in the city-wide busing initiative to integrate schools, affected the city’s overall, lasting racial climate. I will explain the events in Louisville leading up to 1975 and argue that the positive and negative outcomes of busing still effect those people, and their children, to this day.

Candomble is considered an example of resistance because this religion highlights the struggle of maintaining a cultural identify. African slaves were imported into Brazil, and they were controlled by hegemonic forces who dictated every aspect of their lives. Gledhill and Schell points out that Candomble traits remained hidden within the Brazilian black community. This preservation of their identity is a testament to their resistance to Catholic religious pressures to conform to the dominate religion. Furthermore, Candomble is seen as a resistance because it was the only way to secure some semblance of their cultural identity from their slave owning masters. Candomble was used as a means to fight against dominate forms of oppression that existed

"Resistance as something “created when the method of influence is mismatched with the client’s current propensity to accept the manner in which the influence is delivered". If a leader has already thought through what they will do when they encounter resistance before they start a teen group they can keep from fighting with teens of the group that are disruptive. Instead, they will be able to continue to be neutral and ensure they have a strong outlook and should know what is going on in the group. The leader needs to make sure they retain their dignity in helping the group and do what they know is right. Group leaders should make sure each person involved in the group know what the guidelines are before the group starts and what the

Not accepting an idea or technique is a form of resistance. There are situations where students become resistant to learning; subsequently, the students become disengaged with the lesson. Learning resistance can surface when students are forced by an educator to learn material that is unfamiliar and delivered at a fast-pace; thus, they become frustrated with learning. Learning resistance can occur if there is a dislike for the educator or the material presented; consequently, students will not comprehend the information. Students that view themselves as underachievers are resistant to learning, especially if the material is not on their level; subsequently, these students see themselves as knowing all they