Materials and methods
Part 1: Blood LAC at arrival as potential predictor variable in feedlot calves with BRD.
A total of one hundred thirty five charolais feedlot calves were transported to the commercial feedlot located in South Farms- Beef Cattle and Sheep Field Laboratory at university of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign- USA. All selected animals (n= 104; mean 439.93 LB) were considered to be in good condition with no apparent injuries or disease at the time of arrival at the feedlot unit. The selected calves did not receive antimicrobials drugs for control of BRD at the barn before or during processing. All calves in this group were processed within 48 hrs after arrival. During processing, each calf was individually weighed and
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This program software displayed spectrogram of recorded sounds, preprocessed lung sounds to remove heart sounds and potential interference from the environment and classified acoustic patterns in lung scores ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = normal, 2 = mild acute, 3 = moderate acute, 4 = severe acute, and 5 = chronic). Following the calves examination, blood samples were obtained from each calves in vacutainer tubes by jugular vein puncture using a 20G needle on labeled test tube, blood LAC was recorded for each calf using Lactate Plus handheld lactate meters (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). This portable clinical analyzer has been found accurate and reliable compared with the reference method (Hauss et al., 2014). The Lactate Plus analyzer reports LAC values from 0.3 to 25mmol/L with a single drop of blood. The result is displayed within 13 s after a drop of whole blood has been placed on the lactate strip. Following processing the calves will be maintained in the beef unit according to established management and health care protocols. Following entry, the calves were monitored daily by the unit managers and staff for detection of clinical signs of respiratory disease (e.g. changes in mentation, anorexia, ocular or nasal discharge, cough and altered breathing pattern) according to the unit health management protocols. A BRD case was defined as a calf presenting a rectal temperature >40◦C
In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO's, are having more and more of an impact on the environment and people around them. The concentration of animals causes a major problem with the waste products they produce, as well as the gases, chemicals, and other types of byproducts. And the increased use of antibiotics in the animals is beginning to have a profound effect on the health of not only the environment but the communities that exist around these industrialized farms. CAFO's, and their secondary industries, are also a large consumer of oil, gasoline, and other fuels which can have an indirect, but devastating effect on the environment. Luckily there are some who have come to recognize the problems, and potential future problems, involved in this type of animal farming and have begun to inform the public to the dangers these farms pose. And in response to this information, the public is beginning to force changes in the way these CAFO's operate and the impact they have on the environment and
Presently, speculations have risen about the amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry and the desire to consume antibiotic-free meats. What is not understood, however, is the USDA has been monitoring the amount of antimicrobial residue in meats for several years. If unsafe levels are detected the meat is not allowed to be sold for human consumption. Yet, fast food chains such as Subway and Chipotle are claiming to go completely antibiotic free within the next decade. The practicality of this becoming a reality is slim due to the need to control, treat, and prevent diseases. To truly understand the importance of the antibiotic usage in cattle it must first be understood what antibiotics are and the reasons they are used. Additionally, the use of vaccinations should be taken into account for the
The Black Angus cattle is known for is low rate of getting sick. There are many different sickness the animal can get, but there is a medicine for almost everything the animal can get. There are many side effects the heifer can get when she is sick. You will need to talk to your local vet when you start to see any kind of unusual behavior such as, not eating, weight loss, and discolor of the eyes there are many more things that could happen to the animal but these three are some of the more common side effects. When you notice something going on with your cattle you need to talk to your local vet as soon as
Name two of the three parameters that we can do to determine an animal’s vital signs (2 pts). And what are the normal statistics of them (2 pts)
The Canadian Cattle Identification Program exists to track beef cattle from birth to slaughter. This way cattle can be tracked through an approved radio frequency tag in the case of a serious outbreak of disease. Having beef cattle that are trackable through ear tags ensures that beef will be of high quality, and the number of beef cattle are regulated. The cattle identification program radio tags were implanted due to an outbreak of mad cow disease in 2001, the radio tags operate as a way to track back to a source of a disease outbreak; therefore, beef can ensured to be of high quality by managing disease issues in beef cattle.
Cattle muzzle print is proven to be a unique feature of each cattle [9]. Consequently,
The calves after weening will be started on the same nutrition plan. The calves will start out on a diet of fifty percent orchard grass hay and fifty percent alfalfa hay at three percent of the calves’ body weight per day. The alfalfa will provide the amount of protein needed that the calves needed in early growth. The orchard grass will help prevent bloat from an all alfalfa diet and provide essential nutrition as well. This will last for the next three days. After the first three days grain (12% sweet feed) will be introduce at two pounds a day along with the same amount of hay for another three days. After this period every three days another pound of grain will be added until the calf is eating 6 to 8 pounds of grain per day. This should amount to a 50/50 mixture of grain and hay. The calves will be weighed weekly to adjust the amount of hay given to maintain the 3% body weight of hay. Once the calves have adjusted to a grain diet the ration will be changed at a 10% increase in grain every 7 days until an 80/20 ratio of grain to hay. Along with this diet the calves will be given sufficient amounts of fresh
Blood analysis in veterinary practice is a valuable testing to address diagnosis of a large number of conditions in farm and companion animals. Combined with the history, records and clinical examination of patients, it provides useful information to formulate a clinical suspicion and it may sometimes offer precise clues of specific disease or its nature. For example, changes in the number and morphology of red blood cells count might aid in the diagnosis of different types of anemia, whereas modification of white blood cells count may support the presence of acute or chronic inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding
Livestock raised on factory farms have been placed into environments that conflict with their natural instincts and ability to grow. Cattle biodiversity depends on large grasslands for feeding. Cattle on factory farms diet mainly on grain due to its ability to increase cattle weight in a shorter time period than if raised on a more natural method (Livestock Production Manual 30). Most sustainably raised beef are sent to slaughter at 18 to 22 months of age, while conventionally raised beef are sent to slaughter at 12 to 15 months of age (29). These cattle are placed into crowded feed lots which in turn become overrun with bacteria and unmanaged fecal matter (31). Livestock then become more susceptible to bacterial infections such as E.Coli and Salmonella. It
Calf diarrhoea is one of the most economic and pervasive concern in veterinary industry all over the world (Nguyen et al., 2011). It isn’t a single disease entity but is a complex syndrome with complex etiopathogenesis causing important economic losses directly through mortality and indirectly through treatment costs and reduced growth rates in affected calves (Radostits et al., 2007). In addition to economic losses, diarrhoea in livestock is important because of public health implications as numerous infectious agents causing diarrhoea in animals are zoonotic and have been associated with food- borne diseases (Trevejo et al., 2005). During the course of diarrhea, hematological and biochemical parameters are disturbed and these changes are
Nagy, Dusty W. "Overview of Bovine Leukosis." : Bovine Leukosis: Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., July 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2016. .
Blood analysis in veterinary practice is a valuable testing to address diagnosis of a large number of conditions in farm and companion animals. Combined with the history, records and clinical examination of patients, it provides useful information to formulate a clinical suspicion and it may sometimes offer precise clues of specific disease or its nature. For example, changes in the number and morphology of red blood cell count might aid in the diagnosis of different types of anemia, whereas modification of white blood cell count may support the presence of acute or chronic inflammation or infection or of immunoproliferative disorders. Alongside of traditional hematologic analyses, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of acute phase response in veterinary medicine over recent years, to the point that measurement of acute phase proteins has proved as a powerful tool to enhance clinical evaluation in domestic animals for diagnostic, monitoring and prognostic purposes (Eckersall and Bell, 2010). The acute phase response (APR) is the dynamic process involving systemic early-defense mechanisms acting to restore homeostasis and promote healing following systemic or local disorders. It represents the non-specific, innate response of the body before the development of specific immunity to a challenge. It is activated by specific cytokines following different stimuli, including trauma, surgery, inflammation, infection, stress and neoplasia (Cray et al., 2009;
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease of feedlot cattle, causing an estimated global economic loss in excess of $3 billion per year. BRD is a multifactorial disease caused by various bacterial and viral pathogens, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. Stress due shipping, poor health condition, crowding, and mixing of calves comprises their immune system making them prone to BRD pathogens. Use of antibiotic is important part of prevention and control strategies in feedlot cattle. Histophilus somni is one of the bacterial pathogens commonly associated with BRD. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of 58 H. somni isolates collected from 2012 to 2015 from clinical cases of BRD will be compared to 31 isolates from 1980’s to investigate if resistance has changed since that time. Genes responsible for resistance in H. somni will be analyzed and genetic relatedness of old and new isolates will be determined. Copper and zinc use in feed is found to be responsible for antibiotic resistance in other bacteria. We are suspecting similar phenomenon in H. somni that will be determined by looking at co-location of Cu, Zn and tetracycline resistance genes. Lack of information about prevalence of antibiotic resistance in H. somni makes it difficult to judge its contribution to treatment failures. Results of this study can be used in making decisions for effective use of antibiotics in feedlot facilities and mitigate risk of
In today’s world, many infants are allergic to certain proteins naturally present in cow’s milk. Due to the huge volume of milk products consumed by the human race, there is a need to get rid of this allergy-causing protein and eliminate this allergic reaction. AgResearch has investigated ways to manipulate the genetic material in dairy cattle by using the process of ‘Gene Knockdown’, with the aim to create a cow which produces milk which doesn’t contain the protein responsible for the allergic reactions, the Beta-lacto globulin protein or ‘BLG’. Scientists have been successful in creating Daisy the Cow, who is a cloned calf genetically modified to produce milk which does not contain the BLG protein. I will be discussing the biological processes behind the cloning of Daisy the cow, and the decisions made by scientists to use methods for genetically modifying the cow’s genes from whom Daisy was cloned, for the benefit of humans.
Clinical IBD has been described in 15 weeks old leghorn strain pullets which showed high morbidity and moderate mortality(Ley et al., 1979).