Materials And Methods Of Plant Material

In the scientific method lab, I explored the different food options for mice in order to find the best one that will help them gain weight. To succeed in this lab, I needed to examine several types of foods including fruits, raw meat, cooked and uncooked foods. In this experiment I used cooked macaroni as a positive control and for the negative control I didn’t feed the mice any food, only water. The main objective of this study was to determine the best solution that will help me understand the metabolism of mice. All mice used in this study were given the same resources, but the only difference was the different types of foods fed to the mice to understand the changes of weight gain or loss between the mice.

However the 52-week toxicity in infant monkeys and the 2010 Swiss mice studies has provided pivotal, contradictory evidence to the aspartame debate. Dr. Waisman at the University of Wisconsin Medical Center located in Madison Wisconsin initiated the 52-week toxicity study in infant monkeys in 1971 . This study orally served Aspartame mixed in milk formula to seven infant Rhesus monkeys over a 52-week period . Waisman put the monkeys into three groups: a low dose group (1.0 g/kg), a medium dose group (3.0 g/kg) and a high dose group (4-6 g/kg) . There was no control group, meaning there was not a group of newborn monkeys that were not fed aspartame. Since monkeys are primates similar to humans—with only a 1.2 percent genetic difference—monkeys were chosen to study the effects of aspartame on primates. Data shows that one monkey from the high dosage group died over 300 days, five of seven suffered grad mal seizures in the low dose group starting on the 218th day of treatment, and all monkeys in the medium and high dose groups exhibited seizures . According to data, the seizures coincided with the levels of phenylalanine . One should note that in the low dose group there was not a significant increase in serum phenylalanine levels; therefore, convulsions were not expected . Overall, the findings of this study correlated brain seizures with high amounts of aspartame particularly phenylalanine ingested by the monkeys, but at low dosages no biologically meaningful alterations occurred . In addition, the study reported food intake and growth rate were reduced when compared to the historical range . (This data can be studied in figures two to four .) Though the evidence of this study correlates aspartame with brain seizures, the FDA still approved aspartame for human consumption. This is because there are issues with the studies sample size and procedures. The study did not use a large sample of

Statistical analysis for the animal studies. Our selection of 10 animals per time point is based on the group variance observed in our preliminary studies employing diet models. For example, an n = 10 provides 95% power (alpha of 0.05) to detect differences in ALT values of at least 30 U/L between two means with a standard deviation of 10 (two-tailed t-test). For endpoints such as ALT values, caspase positive cells, etc., in different animal populations, parametric analysis will be performed. ANOVA will be employed given the presence of multiple groups, and a Bonferroni test will be used to correct for multiple comparisons. If the distribution of values is unsuitable for a parametric analysis, we will perform a Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric data. If the data show a strong trend towards significance (e.g., p < 0.1) with reproducible data except for a rare outlier, we can consider increasing the number of animals per group. The number added will be calculated using the mean and standard deviation (SD) from the existing data

This indicates that the metabolism of proteins was apparently affected by Ch.t extract. The improvement on the levels of protein and albumin in the diabetic treated groups show that Ch.t extract have significant effect in glucose and protein level because insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis from protein [ ] or could be due to improvement in renal function. This affirmative agrees with the fact that the weight of skeletal muscles was significantly increase in diabetic rats treated with Ch.t extract. The decrease in albumin level documented for diabetic rats may be due to liver massive necrosis, deterioration of liver function, hepatic resistance to insulin and glycogen impairment of oxidative phosphorylation[ ].Under the same experimental conditions serum globulin level revealed an appreciable decrease[ ]. The renal pathogenesis is related to duration of diabetes, the most devastating complication with diabetes is nephropathy[

weighs 70 kg. These results do not account for the levels of toxicity in women,

Children are less likely to experience aslow heart rate, sweating, muscle tremors or tear production, but are more likely toexperience lethargy, muscle weakness, constricted pupils, excessive production of saliva,seizures, or coma. Other, more severe conditions such as intermediate syndrome andOrganophosphate-Induce Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) can occur at very high exposurelevels (Gervais et.al, pp. 3-4).4. Dose-Response AssessmentIn the laboratory, rats and rabbits were exposed to varying levels of Malathion todetermine its effects. Death occurred in rats at levels 1,000-12,500 mg per kilogram ofbody weight when ingested. When placed on the skin, death occurred at 2000 mg/kg orgreater. When inhaled, death occurred at greater than 5.2 mg/L. As these figures arebased on body weight and lung capacity, death in humans would require significantlyhigher exposures, which is why the EPA considers Malathion to be low or very low intoxicity (Gervais et.al, pp. 2-3).Five humans ingested Malathion (voluntarily) at 0.23mg/kg/day for 47 days, andshowed no notable reduction in the activity of AChE. When the dose was increased to0.34mg/kg/day for 56 days, all five volunteers showed signs of reduced activity of AChEtwo weeks after the experiment began. The highest amount of AChE reduction was 25%,which was recorded up to 3 weeks after the end of the experiment. The inhalation trialsincluded doses of 5.3, 21.0, and 85.0 mg/m3 for one hour, twice a day for 42 consecutivedays. The volunteers reported eye and nose irritation for 5-10 minutes following thebeginning of exposure, but no reduction in AChE activity was found (Gervais et.al, p.5).Fish and rats were

Most pet rats helpfully eat and flourish with fundamental eating methodologies of rodent pellet, otherwise called "lab blocks." Rat pellet, economically created, is uncommonly defined and adjusted to fulfill the particular dietary necessities of rats, including minerals and vitamins. The ASPCA prescribes rodent pellet that highlights soy supper as its overwhelming segment.

Male AP+ Tg Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 350-450 g will be used in this study. There will be a total of 40 rats which will be divided into four groups with ten in each group. Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.

Rather, the calorie restricted monkeys were simply ingesting less of the unhealthy diet (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Additionally, the control group was not limited in their diet in the WNPRC monkeys and therefore ate more, while NIA monkeys were given a controlled amount of food (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Calories are not necessary equivalent and the type of calorie makes a difference in the health of the test subjects (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Another difference between the WNPRC and NIA studies was the ingestion of 28.5% and 3.9% sucrose, respectively; a marked difference between the two research groups (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). There was also a difference in the genetics of each study’s test subjects (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). The NIA monkeys were from both China and India, and th e WNPRC monkeys were solely from India (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Molecular effects are also a factor that complicates the ability to compare the findings between the two studies (Maxmen, 2012,

The objective of the subacute toxicity test is to determine toxicity after repeated administration of the tested material. It helps to establish doses for sub-chronic studies. The duration of Sub- Acute Toxicity test is 14 to 90 days. The test system uses 2 species that may contain mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs. The dose administration contains 3-4 doses given by the same routes as the previous toxicity. The routes commonly used are Oral, dermal or intravenous. The parameter considered are mortality, weight change, signs of toxicity, clinical pathology, pathology and histology. The sub- acute toxicity test uses laboratory strains of young healthy adult rats. The study is performed at 4 different dose levels. The test compounds are administrated on route

For this experiment students asked the question of what were the effects of a high-fat diet on the integrated physiology of male Sprague Dawley rats. They studied two groups of rats that were either feed a lean diet or a high fat westernized diet and used integrative physiology to see the effects that the westernized diet had on the rat’s physiological mechanisms and structures. Students hypothesized that the rats fed the high fat westernized diet would have a higher body weight, higher fat storage in the omental and peritoneal regions, higher liver weight, higher levels of glucose, increased insulin, a higher leptin content, and slower gut motility. To measure the weight of the rats, students collected the weight of both rats on the different diets. Students performed dissections on fresh rats to obtain all peritoneal and omental weight to determine if

The entire system of an organism is dependent on the energy and nutrients provided by its nutritional intake. An animal cannot function, grow, or reproduce without a satisfactory diet (Hasan 2001). A low nutrient, and subsequently inadequate, diet has been linked to a decrease in an organism’s survival, fitness and fecundity, due to a lack of sufficient macronutrients - protein, carbohydrates and fats (Kim et al 2014). The ability to assess an animals diet and whether it is suitable for the desired fitness of the individual is crucial to understanding a range of biological functions. These may include increasing animal growth for human consumption, disease resistance, aiding in conservation of animal populations and breeding higher quality

Our class had to develop an experiment on our own that did not affect the pH of the water or the light, my group then came up with how nitrogen based plant food affected Wisconsin Fast Plants. These plants were developed at the University of Wisconsin by the professor Paul H. Williams. These plants are great for classroom environments because they grow quite fast. They were originally a type of weed from the family Brassica found in Nepal, India. Williams was trying to develop a type of disease-resistant plant. He thought if he crossed Brassica plants with cabbages and such he could get a disease-resistant plant that grew fast. He did just that, these plants will complete their entire life cycle within 40 days. Classrooms are the

Herbal medicines are great alternative for commercially manufactured medicines available in the market. The major reason why herbal medicine differ from modern medicine is because they are produced with 100% natural content. Therefore the plant extract has all the medicinal values that are as effective as modern medicine. Commercially prepared drugs show results quickly but have numerous side effects. However herbal medicines don’t show any side

In vivo testing on two species of animal one rodent and non-rodent. Toxicological effects; mutagenicity, genotoxicity, teratogenic and carcinogenic are investigated. The lethal dose LD50 toxicity is defined. The dose-response relationship of the adverse effect is observed.