Maurice Wilkins Examples

Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double-helix configuration of a DNA strand in the early 1950’s. DNA’s structural discovery implemented modern molecular biology, which is implicated with genes controlling chemical processes within cells. The structure also contributed to revolutionary intuition into the genetic code and protein synthesis ("The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953."). These scientists’ breakthrough was the first stride to the modern day scientific techniques of recombinant DNA research, rapid gene sequencing, monoclonal antibodies, and genetic engineering. The Human Genome Project mapped out roughly 20,050 human genes and 3

Throughout the early 19th and 20th century, many scientists have studied deoxyribonucleic acids in order to attain higher understanding over the matter. Johann G. Mendel had figured out and understood the laws of heredity. Friedrich Miescher amazingly discovered DNA in 1869, even though scientists did not understand DNA was the genetic material

Over the course of the modern age, the human body was still a mystery waiting to be solved. The body contains secrets one can only hope to discover. Over the twentieth century, scientists tried to understand one of the most complex concepts in the biological field. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was at the forefront of research. Several theories claimed to have solved the structural concept of DNA. However, it was not until Francis Crick and James D. Watson discovered the true structure, the double helix. However, many potential models of DNA had passed through the biology field until eventual lose of credibility. The past models would contain a fixed detail that would make the entire concept invalid. In James D. Watson book, The Double Helix, he illustrates his path amid incorrect theories until he reaches the model that is taught around the world today.

2. What role did James Watson & Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure? They discovered the 3D structure.

Scientist in early 1950s James Watson a biologist from Indiana University and Francis Crick a physicist were working at lab to discover the structure of DNA. The primary technique for structural analysis of biological molecules is X-rays. The wave length of X-ray is about the same as the space between the atoms in crystal matters. We learn and know that genetic information was carried on chromosomes made up of DNA and protein. Maurice decided and taken the first x-ray picture of DNA that lead him to suggest the DNA structure might be a helix. Watson was able to rely on Wilkins' research. If he had not, he may have not been the one to discover the structure of DNA. The biggest thing I learned from my research is that scientists can’t make discoveries

DNA. There was multiple scientist in the discovery of DNA. However, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and James Watson are the three who are most commonly recognized and accredited for the discovery of DNA. The other individuals who contributed in the discovery of DNA are: Rosalind Franklin, Fredrick Miescher, Phoebus Levene, Fredrick Griffith, William Astbury and a few more not listed.

In the early 1950s, Watson and Crick were only two of many scientists working on figuring out the structure of DNA. They determined that the structure of DNA was a double helix structure. Each DNA strand containing a long chain of monomer nucleotides, wound around each other. They also discovered that DNA replicated itself by unzipping into individual strands, Watson and Crick had solved a fundamental mystery of science, how it was possible for genetic instructions to be held inside organisms and passed from generation to

The cell is the computer or the hardware and the DNA is the program or code. Within each string of DNA are sets of instructions called genes. A gene tells a cell how to make a specific protein. Proteins are used by the cell to perform certain functions, to grow, and to survive. Although DNA looks like very thin long strings under a microscope, it turns out that DNA has a specific shape. This shape is called a double helix. On the outside of the double helix is the backbone which holds the DNA together. Watson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for the discovery of the DNA structure. He continued his research into genetics writing several textbooks as well as the bestselling book The Double Helix which chronicled the famous discovery. n the early 1950s, scientists had learned a lot about genetics, but they still didn't understand the structure of the DNA molecule. Scientists needed to understand the structure of DNA in order to fully understand genetics. The Cavendish Laboratory had put together a team to try and solve the problem before an American team led by the famous biochemist Linus Pauling could. Then it became a race to see who would figure it out

During the same year as Franklin’s discovery, Watson and Crick determined that the chemical rungs that join the two helical strands are made up of two base pairs. The two base pairs are adenine (A)-thymine (T) or guanine (G)-cytosine (C). They also realized that the order of those two chemical base pairs that joined the two helical strands “spelled out” the genes and determined the variation of traits in all living organisms. In addition to their already impressive discovery, they also realized that the two helical strands could be separated for copying, which facilitated the passing on of genetic information between each generation. A few years following this discovery by Watson and Crick, biochemists Marshall Nirenberg and Har Gobind Khorana determined the reason for genetic mutations. They occur when the sequence of the chemical bases on the DNA that determine the order of amino acids that link to create a protein is incorrect. These mutations can cause all sorts of problems, such as diseases. However, sometimes these mutations are beneficial and allow organisms to better adapt to their environment.

James Watson, he sounds familiar but what did he do? The way watson came into his passion molecular biology was by Salvador Luria. Mr. Watson discovered the structure dna in 1953, a well job done. In 1962 watson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Psychology or Medicine. We couldn't have done it without you Watson.

From there the race was on to figure out how DNA was structured in the hopes of better understanding genetics. Many scientists wondered how such a small and simple molecule, especially compared to proteins, with such limited variation code store the instructions to make organisms as complex as us. At the beginning of this race a man by the name of Chargaff discovered something interesting about the nucleotides in DNA. He made a set of ratios that he notices in DNA from multiple organisms. Two scientists by the names of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins also helped in the effort toward understanding DNA by amassing large amounts of X-ray diffraction data. These two clues helped Watson and Crick to eventually win the race in discovering the 3-D structure of DNA with their double helix model. Once DNA was found to be a double helix

The idea of sitting in an airport and seeing someone walk past that looks identical to you may seem absurd, but due to new scientific development it may not stay that way for long. In 1953 two scientists by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.1 DNA can be defined as the makeup of chromosomes, which carry genetic information.

In 1953 four scientists: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin completed a DNA model which they created using observed X-ray diffraction patterns. This model showed how the structure of DNA was able to transmit genetic information from parents to their offspring.

As demonstrated in The Double Helix, a significant process used to make a discovery is working together with other scientists and get more information from them by learning about the results from each lab. Francis and Watson would constantly communicate their ideas and theories with each other for feedback which in return helped them gain more information that could be applied to their models. They will share their ideas with other scientists to help further develop and refine their theories. In the case where after Watson and Francis made their theory for the structure of DNA, Rosy criticized how the theory had Mg++ ions held by the phosphorus groups. However Mg++ ions are held together by shells of water molecules, thus making it highly unlikely to be the structure of DNA. Also she pointed out how the water content was not correct and the model needed to contain at least ten times more water than what was shown in their model. This constructive feedback lead them to the process of revising their failed theory. Another process used by scientists to make discoveries is from getting help from other scientists to obtain the necessary components for the experiment/model; in the instance of getting samples of highly purified DNA from biochemists, molds from Maurice, and when Hugh was teaching Watson how to use the X-ray camera for TMV.

Rosalind Franklin’s work on DNA was crucial in discovering the composition of the human body as a whole. Her x-ray photo revealed a double helix structure and she also discovered the A and B form of DNA. She worked through the adversity of being a female in a predominately male dominated realm and made remarkable findings that were eventually stolen. She adapted to a new lab with antiquated technology. Before this discovery, the structure of DNA was thought to be simple. Scientist, Watson and Crick, started with the wrong structure of DNA from a misinterpretation of notes from one of Franklin’s presentations. Unlike Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin could explain DNA and how it worked.