Mcardle Energy: A Case Study

People who exercise more will have different diets to those who do not exercise. Carbohydrates are very important for athletes as it provides fuel. Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and released when needed during exercise. It is easily broken down to provide energy. The other source of energy is fat, but this cannot be converted into energy as quickly as glycogen.

carbohydrates in the form of sugars and starches, it is digested and circulated through the blood stream as a simple sugar. If the glucose is not used immediately for energy, it will go into storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. When these glycogen stores are filled, the excess glucose is stored as fat. As exercise continues, and more energy is needed, glycogen breaks down to

... If carbohydrate in the diet is restricted, a person's ability to exercise is compromised because there is not enough glycogen kept in storage to fuel the body.The three main nutrients used for energy are carbohydrates, protein, and fats, with carbohydrates being the most important source. Your body can also use protein and fats for energy when carbs have been depleted. When you eat, your body breaks down nutrients into smaller components and absorbs them to use as fuel. If your feeling drowsy or really tired during the day you might have low iron or low on nutrition.

As we eat protein, fat and carbohydrates, as the main energy source, carbohydrates or glucose (simple sugar) break down into complex molecules. We need steady supply of glucose in between meals and at times like doing extensive workouts, there is an elevated demand for

When we eat carbohydrates, our blood glucose levels rise, either quickly or slowly. Either way, once glucose has been released into the blood stream, the body can move it out of the blood stream in two ways – by storing it or by getting rid of it through uptake by the muscles.

The three energy systems, ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolysis, and Aerobic do not function independently; they all work together through the process of interplay to provide energy These three energy systems contribution varies depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise. The process of interplay refers to the dominant energy system at any given time during an event. ATP refers to adenosine triphosphate which is the source of energy that is used for any movement. ATP-PC, Anaerobic, and Aerobic all work together to rebuild what is referred to as ATP.

During intense activites, anaerobic energy is the major contributor for 1 to 3 minutes. Because of intense muscle contractions, there is a limited oxygen supply from the constricted blood vessels.

Brinkworth & Noakes et al, found that in obese subjects having a low carbohydrate diet would in fact increase the amount of fat being oxidised during submaximal aerobic exercise, suggesting that subjects would have a RER closer to .7 than one. Exercise intensities that are less than 65% VO2 max, will be affected little by the percentage intake of fat and carbohydrates. (Miller & Wolfe, 1999) This would suggest that lower intensities don’t rely completely on food sources, but fuel stores already in the body. Exercise at 65% VO2 max will have approximately 50% of the energy supplied by muscle glycogen and plasma together with intramuscular fatty acids will provide around 40% of the energy. At high intensity exercise of above 80% VO2 max, the major source of energy is

The intensity of exercise regulates the homeostatic response on ventilation. Each person exercises differently and their bodies respond to exercise differently as well. Whether it is an athlete that trains everyday, the friend that exercises regularly or a patient that is diagnosed with cardiac failure that tries to exercise regularly, people approach exercise differently. Yet, the common theme of exercise is that the body consumes an increased amount of oxygen as a metabolic change in response to CO2 production. As numerous studies have shown, as the intensity of exercise increases, metabolic acidosis occurs where there is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles that is called the anaerobic threshold. Studies that expound on aerobic and anaerobic

Now glucose is the primary source of energy for the cells that form the muscles and other tissues.18 Glucose comes from the food you eat and your liver. With the assistance of insulin glucose is drawn into the bloodstream. Fact: the liver stores and makes glucose so when the glucose levels are low like when you haven’t eaten in a while, the

2. The respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is typically the ratio between oxygen and carbon dioxide telling us the amount of carbon dioxide that is being produced in the body’s metabolism and how much oxygen

Working at moderate intensity for prolonged periods of time results in a decrease in muscle glycogen and decrease in the blood glucose concentration will result in decrease in liver glucose production. The data demonstrated this after the initial start of exercise for the baseline. At rest, the body was utilizing a large portion of fat utilization percentage (71%) and little CHO utilization (30%). At the first data collection, the fat utilization decreased rapidly (16%) while the CHO utilization percentage dramatically increased (84%). As the duration increased the amount of CHO utilization percentage slowly decreased while the fat utilization percentage slowly increased. At the end of the ninety minutes of aerobic exercise the fat utilization percentage was 39%. This is important because the body start to rely more on fat metabolism and less on the CHO metabolism. Taking a more in depth look at what the body is doing can be seen in the blood glucose levels. At the start of exercise the volunteer’s blood glucose fell into the appropriate range of 80-100mg/dL for rest. As the duration increased, the blood glucose can be observed being used because the values decrease. It should be noted that at the thirty minute mark the liver is providing the muscles with glucose and this can be seen because the blood glucose rose from 60.4 to 75.5 mg/dL. At the end of the ninety minutes, the body’s blood glucose reached a low blood glucose of 61 mg/dL which is normal because the muscle glycogen, muscle glucose, and some of the liver glycogen are depleted providing the body with

The body uses carbohydrates directly from the monosaccharide glucose. Glucose is in the blood and extracellular fluids (lymph) and can be made from glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and in smaller amounts in the other organs and tissues of the body. Energy is derived from glucose by the splitting of the glucose molecules into smaller compounds and oxidizing these to form water, which frees quite a large amount of

Myoglobin is an oxygen-store protein found in muscle. Like hemoglobin, it frames a free blend with oxygen while the oxygen supple is good, and stores it until the need for oxygen increases. Therefore muscle has its own implicit oxygen supply. Be that as it may, when exercising the oxygen from myoglobin is immediately spent after activity, extra oxygen is required to pay back any oxygen that has been obtained from myoglobin

Genetic diseases are being discovered more often as we learn the affects that genes have on the body. McArdle’s disease is a metabolic disease that affects skeletal muscle because of a gene mutation. The genetic mutation prevents the creation of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen in muscles (Haldeman-Englert, 2014). McArdle’s disease is also known as Type V Glycogen Storage Disorder. It affects approximately one out of every 100,000 people ("McArdlesDisease.org," n.d.). Glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate for muscle energy. Patients can live relatively normal lives with this disease once proper care and education has been provided (Kitaoka, 2014).