Measles Epidemiological Investigation

Measles was at one time in the not too distant past, a killer of those that became infected. Measles has been around for centuries. The first published, written account of the disease was in the ninth century by a Persian doctor. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website on measles, it was not until 1757 that a Scottish physician, named Francis Home, proved that something infectious in the blood was causing the disease. By the early 1900’s, the United States began requiring every healthcare provider and laboratory to report all identified cases, with approximately 6,000 deaths being

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are three diseases that cause coughs, rashes, fevers and many other symptoms(CDC).  Just as with the chicken pox vaccination, the MMR vaccination also requires administration in two doses.  Doctors administer the first dose between 12-15 months and the second dose between four to six years of age.  This vaccine is known as the most effective and safest vaccine. In 1962, one year before doctors administered the measles vaccination to people, almost 500,000 cases were reported in the United States. Ten years after the vaccine introduction, there were about 32,000 cases(CDC). After another decade, there were fewer than 2,000 cases of measles. Since the vaccine entered the medical marketplace, there are only about 100 cases of measles reported every year(CDC).

Recent outbreaks of measles has promoted renewed interest in childhood vaccinations. However, lingering doubts about the efficacy and safety of popular and recommended vaccines, specifically the DTP and MMR vaccines, remain. It is not necessarily the attenuated virus portion of the vaccines, but the ingredients which assist in the performance of the vaccines, that brings about concern. Some studies report that, at various times and in certain populations, vaccines may pose greater

Vaccines are very effective and have worked to help stop the spread of disease. Around 1960, the number of measles cases was at an all time high of almost 800,000. As seen in the graph below, once the vaccine for the measles was licensed, the number of cases dropped, and now today there are very few cases of the measles (Vaccines.gov para. 6). Another example is Rubella, which infected 12 ½million Americans, killed 2,000 babies, and caused 12,000 miscarriages in 1964 and 1965, but with the help of the vaccine, there was only 9 cases of rubella that were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012 . The mumps vaccine has effectively prevented the spread of the mumps disease. In 1997, there were about 1,000 reported cases of the mumps and the number has continued to decrease, but in 1968 there were 150,000 cases of the mump reported.

In order to understand the importance of the MMR vaccine, a short history of the measles illness, measles vaccine, some complications of the illness and a brief look at the prevalence of measles will be provided. This information was researched through the National University library search engine, more specifically smart search. Proquest central and academic search premier were the two research databases used to research the topics using the following key words or phrases: measles, measles vaccine, and MMR. The search engine Pubmed was also utilized with the following key phrases: measles immunosuppression, measles, and measles vaccine.

In ignoring the recommendations from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) there has been increase in outbreaks, which can be linked to vaccine refusal (Phadke, Bednarczyk, Salmon, Omer, 2016). In Table 1. of the article Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Disease in the United States, it clearly demonstrates that more cases of measles were found with those who were unvaccinated against measles. From 2000 to 2015 there were a reported 1416 cases of measles and of those 804 were unvaccinated against measles.

Measles has existed since the seventh century A.D, and it was considered as a fatal disease that any child can suffer from. Then, in tenth century A.D, the measles described for the first time by Muhammad bin Zakariya ar-Razi. After that , the measles' history changed. In 1936 the scientists discovered a new vaccine against measles. Before a vaccine, measles had a bad effect on the population in a specific period of their lives, almost 50% of the population whose age

Measles Measles is a very uncomfortable and contagious disease also known as rubeola or morb and can lead to very serious body complications and are most likely to be spread through a developing country Measles has an easy group of symptoms to read. After about 9 to 11 days of being infected, including a fever over 38 degrees centigrade, discomfort, illness, lack of wellbeing, runny nose, dry cough, sore and red eyes, watery eyes, sensitive to light, red spots on the inside of the mouth and red blotches on the skin, face and hair line Measles is followed by an infection due to the horrible rubeola virus. The virus survives in the mucus of the nose and throat of an infected person. The disease stays contagious for around 4 days before the disease

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the paramyyoviles virus. According to the World Health Origination, the disease remains one of the leading causes of death among young children globally, despite the availability of a vaccine.

Success story of eradication processes have been reported in Finland and other part of Europe is several prospective studies. Widespread implementation of vaccine programs in the United States is reported to have led to greater than 99% decline in cases of Measles and Rubella and is reported that an estimated 52million cases of the disease, 17400 cases of mental retardation and 5,200 deaths were attributed to the first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination. Also an estimated 1.4 million deaths were adverted as a result of the immunization drive led by WHO and UNICEF between 1999 and 2004. Conversely, before the introduction of measles vaccination, an estimated 4 million Americans were diagnosed with measles with 48,000 hospitalization and 3,000 deaths. Also the outbreak of measles in the late 1980s and early 1990s was attributed to low immunization that resulted in 11,000 cases with 120 deaths3. Recent reported cases of measles in the United States are attributed to imported cases and unimmunized communities (i.e. Amish

Measles (also known as rubeola or “red measles”) is an acute, febrile viral infection that was a very familiar childhood infection world-wide until the introduction of an attenuated live-virus vaccine in the 1960’s. Now it is rarely seen in the United States and the rest of the medically developed world, re-emerging usually only when and where there has been a lapse in routine immunization practices and the necessary high levels of vaccine coverage have dropped. On a global scale, prior to the measles vaccine, the effects of measles were devastating — millions died from measles each year in all parts of the world. However, global measles deaths are diminishing, decreased by 75% from an estimated 544,200 in 2000 to 145,700 in 2013 (Moss and Griffin, 2012; WHO, 2015 Feb).

3 Suspected Measles cases reported from two facilities after the on job training (the facility staffs didn’t know Suspected Measles case is reportable)

Measles represent another dreadful disease that impacts the health of children. “Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available. In 2016, there were 89,780 measles deaths globally - marking the first year measles deaths have fallen below 100,000 per year. Measles vaccination resulted in a 84% drop in measles deaths between 2000 and 2016 worldwide… During 2000 to 2016, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 20.4 million deaths making measles vaccine one of the best buys in public health” (“Measles” par. 1). The measles vaccination helped immensely drop the number of fatalities per year. This vaccine significantly benefits children. The vaccine aided in preventing

To start off, there are two types of measles. In this project I’m going to be talking about red measles or rubeola. What is measles? Measles is a very contagious, infectious disease. About 20 million people per year get measles. Measles could be transmitted from one person to another by just sneezing or coughing. It can also spread through the contact of mucus and saliva. What causes measles? Measles is caused by a virus called the measles virus (MeV). The measles virus is an enveloped, circular shaped RNA virus. The binomial nomenclature of this virus is Morbillivirus which is within the family Paramyxoviridae. The Measles virus has two important glycoproteins spikes attached to it. The first spike (fusion protein) is responsible for the fusion

The World Health Organization in 2010 established three major goals for global measles control by 2015: 1) increase regular first dose administration of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) for children of age 1 year to more than 90% nationally and 80% in every district; 2) to reduce globally the measles incidence to less than 5 cases per million population; and 3)to reduce the measles mortality rate globally by 95% from the 2000 estimate (1). These goals were partially realised as global incidence of measles dropped to 36 cases per million population from 146 cases per million in year 2000 (about 75% decrease), and 109 countries were able to achieve an incidence of less than 5 cases per million population in 2015. However, the total estimate