Mechanical Behaviour of the Skin
Introduction
This part of the report concerns with the mechanical behaviour of the skin. Mechanical properties of the skin characterised in vivo and ex vivo studies are discussed.The advantages and limitations of each technique used by a number of researchers are reviewed. The mechanical properties of skin layers such as stratum corneum, dermis and adipose tissue are measured by many workers in addition to various experimental methods are also discussed.
The need for developing an in vivo substitute for skin in order to develop and test drug delivery devices in the pharmaceutical industry is growing (Shergold, et al., 2006). Mechanical characteristics of the skin such as Young’s modulus, tensile strength and compressive strength will be determined to create a list of suitable materials for injection pad. The understanding of the mechanical behaviour of these layers is vital for drug delivery devices such as auto-injectors. The aim is to develop an injection pad for drug delivery device testing that resembles the skin in appearance and function.
The mechanical response of the pig skin is similar to that of human skin (Figure 1). Also to avoid the ethical and immunological issues associated with using human skin; it was decided to utilise pig skin. In addition, the dermis thickness in pigs is similar to human which ranges from 1 mm on the face to 4mm on the back (Reihsner, et al., 1995), (Tan, et al., 1982). As compare to the dermis
Healthy and functioning skin barrier is important protector against dehydration, penetration of various microorganisms, allergens, irritants, reactive oxygen species and radiation. The skin barrier may be specifically adjusted to allow penetration. For this reason daily skin care may increase skin regeneration, elasticity, smoothness, and thus temporarily change the skin condition.
1. describe the anatomy and physiology of the skin in relation to skin breakdown and the development of pressure sores
The three layers that make up healthy skin: Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis. Epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. This layer provides a thick, water proof protective covering over the underlying skins. The dermis layer is composed of primarily of dense, irregular, fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen and elastin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerve ending, and epidermally derived cutaneous oranges such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. The last layer is Hypodermis this layer is composed primarily of loose dead skin. The fat layer provides cushioning and insulation for
In advanced esthetics there are many devices that can be used to treat problem of the skin. One of this advanced devices is Microdermabrasion.
Microneedling is highly effective in stimulating abnormal collagen and elastin function. The DermaPen3 penetrates between 0.25mm -2.5mm below the skins surface. This creates microscopic channels into the dermis of the skin. These tiny controlled
The Skin has numerous functions as it serves as a protective barrier, regulates body temperatures, controls water retention, and secretes sweat and so on. The anatomy of skin can be broken down into three different layers which include; the epidermis, dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue also known as the hypodermis. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between the layers of skin and friction skin
1.1 describe the anatomy and physiology of the skin in relation to skin breakdown and the development of pressure sores.
Benoit, Pruitt, and Thrall (2009) assessed the quality of wet gauze compared to Superflab. Using different sizes and levels of wetness, and variable densities of the bolus material, the investigators measured each material three times using a 6 MV radiation source. The results were that a wet gauze with a density of 1.02 g/cm3 had the identical measurement to Superflab. While a smaller gauze with a density of .75 g/cm3 was not as efficient. Also, wet gauze eliminated air gaps with the skin surface. The researchers concluded Superflab was least effective in eliminating air gaps and wet gauze with a
The skin is the largest organ of the body and it acts as a waterproof protector for all of the internal organs, it is comprised of several layers including the Epidermis which is the outer layer and is a protective multi-layered self renewing structure which varies in thickness depending on which part of the body it covers. Under this is the Dermis, this is a layer of connective tissue which provides the skins elasticity and strength, it also contains sensory nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands. Under this layer is the Subcutaneous fat layer, this layer separates the skin from the underlying bone and muscle with a rich blood supply it also serves as an insulator and energy store. Pressure ulcers develop
Stratum Corneum this layer is the outer most layers; it is formed from numerous layers of compressed scale- like, overlapping cells. What makes up the surface of the skin is corneocytes, which are commonly called ‘dead skin cells’. Keratinocytes are found in the epidermis they travel up through the layer where they are formed into corneocytes. The stratum corneum layer protects against lights, chemicals, water loss, heat and bacteria.
Throughout my four years in high school, I have developed an interest into learning more about the anatomy of the skin. This interest sparked when I began to have acne. It was my biggest insecurity to the point where I would not look at people in the face. My temporary solution was to get bangs to cover the pimples on my forehead. All I was doing was masking my imperfections.
These replaced the popularity of bovine collagen. Human collagen fillers are a perfect choice for deep wrinkles without any risk of hypersensitivity. There is also another type of dermal filler called autologous collagen filler and is different from the ones described above. Injecting this collagen results into deposition of new collagen. The benefit of this technique is that it is autologous in nature which prevents the occurrence of hypersensitivity. The method for autologous filler requires fat harvesting, processing, and transplanting.
Over the maturing procedure as individuals are getting more established, maturing spots and wrinkles show up on the skin. Maturing is totally normal process, and it is actuality that all individuals will confront with it.
the skin will respond to the chemicals using cloned human tissue cells. The use of egg membrane
soft tissue (Kaster et al., 2011; K Miller, 1999; O’Hagan & Samani, 2009; Carolyn J