Mechanical Hyperalgesia Case Study

Mean preoperative UCVA was 1.9 logMAR and post operative UCVA was 0.3 logMAR after phakic IOL implantation, showing a statistical significance (p=0.000).

For this study, the independent variable is the removal of the IUC before 24 hours of placement in the post-operative patients. The dependent variable is the rate of the CAUTIs.

Validity: Overall the study is valid but limited as the study examined individual patients as a single case making the ability to generalize limited. The foremost dilemma with the study is the challenge in determining the difference in scores that correspond directly to a clinically important modification. The ability of the VAS to detect significant changes relies heavily on an established baseline as a standard to compare future data. Throughout the duration of the study, patients were asked frequently to complete the VAS and RMQ, this may possibly lead to learning effects which may impact the results of the pain and functional status

The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test is used to assess the normal distribution of the pain intensity before conducting subsequent statistical tests. Data analysis is performed using mixed models with two-sided, with a type I error set as .05. Concerning the primary objective, the comparison between randomized groups will be performed using ANOVA with a baseline score as a covariate. The correlation between baseline and follow-up scores is also calculated (Vickers, 2001). In the secondary analysis, chi-square is carried out to express the frequencies of adverse effects and response rate. Also, A paired student test is suggested to evaluate the pain reduction within the two groups. Sensitivity analysis will be proposed to assess the robustness of the data based on the pattern-mixture and selection

Chronic pain has four mechanisms. Nociception is a neural signal of threatened or damaged tissue, and is the classical pain pathway. Central pain states are thought to be caused by abnormal activity in neurons in the afferent pathway. The mechanism for this is not completely understood, and a person may perceive pain where there is no tissue damage. Behavioral pain is communicated by a

Pain is one of the most influential symptoms that leads individuals to reach out to health care professionals to seek relief. Pain is subjective and unique to each person. Some individuals may have a higher pain tolerance than others. According to Frandsen (2014), “Pain is an unpleasant, sensory, emotional sensation associated with actual or potential tissue injury” (p. 889). Pain may be caused by a variety of elements, such as tissue or nerve damage and surgery. There are three main categories that pain is classified by, which are origin, duration, and cause. The main focus of this paper is on acute pain, chronic pain, and phantom pain. It is crucial to know how to assess each type of pain, as well as how to enhance it, or decrease the pain.

(Coffey et al., 2003; Cox et al., 2001; Finn et al., 2000). These findings are correlational,

The researchers used a coin to select the sample for the two groups of the study, a demographic questionnaire to collect data, a Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale to assess the children pain level before and after the procedure, and an elastic soft ball. The study clearly described the tools, provided a detailed explanation of the Wong-Baker FACES and how it was used during the procedures, which proved the validity and reliability of the instruments used in the study. Validity is defined as a determination of how well the instrument reflects the concept being examined, and reliability is demonstrated when consistent results are produced using the same instruments (Grove et al., 2015). Lastly, to evaluate the data of the results the authors used SPSS program which evaluate the frequency, mean, percent and standard deviation, they used the chi-square test to evaluate the homogeneity of the two groups, the kolmogorov-smirnov test to assess the normality of the data, and the independent t-test to compare children’s pain in the intervention and control

Although NRS-11 pain measures are technically classified as ordinal measures, most studies using NRS-11 as an outcome measure utilize parametric tests and consider the measures as interval or ratio data rather than ordinal measures.27 Therefore, assuming homogenous variance and a normal distribution, a parametric 2-tailed mixed-ANCOVA will be used as the primary statistical analysis. Prior to

The strength of this recommendation is inconclusive. As practitioners, we should have minimum restraint in following this recommendation and should be on the lookout for new evidence in addition to strongly listening to patient preference. This recommendation is based upon three RCT’s. Two of these studies were of high strength and one was of moderate strength with regard to quality. All three of these studies had moderate applicability. In these studies, pain improvement was not consistently statistical significant (MD = .81, 95% CI -1.76, .14; MD = 2.26, p<.001; MD = -.82, 95% CI -1.247, -.39), and neither was function (MD = 3, 95% CI -1.05, 7.05; MD = 6.54, p=.001). In addition, the authors concluded the clinical significance of these findings were

Self-report pain assessments are either one-dimensional (Appendix C) or multi-dimensional and more comprehensive (Appendix D), depending on the patient’s ability to communicate and tolerate lengthy questionnaires, and are regarded as the gold standard of pain assessment measurement as they provide the most valid measure of pain (Wood,

All data in the figures are expressed as the mean ± 1 SD of proportions calculated from three independent experiments where each experimental condition was tested in triplicates. Significant differences were estimated using an ANOVA test as implemented in GraphPad Prism (Version 3.02 for Windows, GraphPad Software. San Diego, California. USA). The proportions were Arcsin-transformed to ensure normality of residuals prior to statistical analysis, and p-value thresholds for significance were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction (29) for multiple comparisons.

The combined difference for 50% of the maximum pain relief between the control group and the intervention group was 7%, which gave an effect size of 0.07 without any side effects (Derry C.J. et al, 2014, p. 2). Although the effect size was quite small, due to the large quantity of participants, the results showed very promising evidence in favor of the addition of caffeine to the analgesics. The summary of the results showed that 48% of the intervention group agreed that they achieved 50% of the maximum pain

The positions studied were the traditional, supine with upper extremities in anatomical position, and the modified version, supine with hands next to the head. Included in the study was the effect of pain after each treatment.1 A total of fifty subjects, ages 20 to 42, made up the population of the study. Of the fifty patients, 26 were women and 24 were men. Two randomly selected groups were created from the study population and separated. Both groups were given a treatment session of fifteen minutes, then seven days later, switched the form of traction to

According to a study completed by Wu, 2018 increasing tissue temperature stimulates analgesic mechanisms through inhibition of nociceptors, relaxes skeletal muscle tissue, vasodilation and increased tissue blood flow, which results in substantial pain relief and is thought to promote healing by increasing the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the site of injury. Recent studies prove that thermotherapy has evident therapeutic benefit for both analgesia and promoting healing in low back pain however, as with cryotherapy, more substantial randomised controlled trials of thermotherapy would enhance the body of literature and further establish the effectiveness (Malanga et al., 2015). Additionally, as reported in the 2006 Cochrane Database review, adverse events reported in trials of superficial heat for low back pain were minimal and mainly consisted of skin pinkness (French et al., 2006). However, caution, close monitoring and skin protection is still necessary when practicing thermotherapy and cannot be used on patients with impaired circulation, impaired sensation, open wounds, malignancies and or infections where heat may cause disease progression, burns or increased inflammation (Wu,