Medcalc Lab Report

The reaction for this process is: C6H12 O6 → 2C2H5 OH + 2CO2 + ATP This process also uses the glycolysis stage of respiration, however it can not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport as oxygen is required. Therefore without oxygen it allows cells to make small amounts of ATP.

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that produce ATP molecules under anaerobic conditions (only undergoes glycolysis), NAD+ is used directly in glycolysis to form ATP molecules, which is not as efficient as cellular respiration because only 2ATP molecules are formed during the glycolysis. One type of fermentation is alcohol fermentation, it produces pyruvate molecules made by glycolysis and the yeast will break it down to give off carbon dioxide, the reactant is glucose and the byproducts are ethanol and carbon dioxide. In this lab, the purpose is to measure whether the changes of

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

A) Describe in your own words, in as much detail as you can, the anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate. B) Draw this pathway (by hand), indicating all substrates, enzymes, cofactors and products. (You do not need to include reaction mechanisms.)

To test the blood, we first dropped two drops of blood into two spots in a micro-well plate, then we added the appropriate serum to both and mixed with a small stick. One side was labeled A, for the A Anti-Serum, and one was labeled B. If the A blood clotted it meant that the A antigen was found, and likewise with B. If both clotted the blood type was AB, and if neither clotted the blood was type O. Some errors made

The authors did not think much of blood-spatter analysis, writing that the “uncertainties associated with bloodstain pattern analysis are enormous,” and concluding that the opinions of blood-spatter experts like Bevel are “more subjective than

The pulse is an indication of an individual’s heart rate. When checking for a pulse in the primary survey, begin with palpating the patient’s radial or carotid artery (Basic Patient Care 2012, p. 50). This may reveal a normal (60-100 beats/min), tachycardia (<100 beats/min), bradycardia (> 60 beats/min) or asystole heart rate. Additionally, the capillary refill may also provide details about a patient’s cardiovascular status. This is performed by applying pressure to the nail bed and calculating the time it to takes to refill to a normal color, which should take no more then a few seconds otherwise suggesting capillary closure (Mick J Sanders, 2012, p. 1400). An additional accessory to Circulation is Hemorrhages, these involve more through examinations of the pulse, blood pressure and warmth of peripheries of patients. Additionally, you must thoroughly look for indication of bleeding, specifically in the areas around the chest, abdomen and externally seen by the eye.

This is when one molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate - a 3C. Glycolysis produces reduced NAD, pyruvate and has a net gain of 2 ATP, originally, 4 ATP molecules are produced but 2 are used up during glycolysis. showing the transfer of energy within an organism as the ATP is a source of energy for the biological process taking place. In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, it is decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product. Pyruvate is then oxidised, forming acetate, reducing NAD. Acetate is then combined with coenzymeA to produce

diphosphate kinase” produce ATP with GTP and ADP, that is the only reaction of the cycle to produce directly ATP. The sixth reaction is the oxidation of succinate to fumarate : Succinate is oxidized in fumarate, this reaction is coupled with the reduction of FAD+ in FADH2. The enzyme that catalyze the reaction is “succinate dehydrogenase”, it is the only enzyme of the cycle to have a links with the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The materials used are a blood

Repeat this 3 times. Repeat step one 3 times at each specified height of 80cm,120cm ,160cm, 200cm, 240cm, 280cm Measure the diameter of the blood

Tube 6 acts as a comparison for the known amount of product whereby the absorbance of other tubes can be compared to tube 6 in order to calculate amount of ribulose-5-phosphate present. Lastly, tube 7 acts a black for all the other tubes (1-6) because it only contains tris buffer. The effect of

The glycolytic pathway consists of 10 steps divided into 2 phases: preparatory and pay-off. Step 1 is the phosphorylation (ATP to ADP) of glucose to G6P by hexokinase and Mg2+ as a co-factor, ΔG’˚=-16.7 KJ/mol (exothermic). In step 2 G6P is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphohexose isomerase and Mg2+, the ration is endergonic (ΔG’˚=1.7KJ/mol). Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is produced from the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase-1 and Mg2+ in step 3. This reaction is exergonic due to ATP hydrolysis (ΔG’˚=14.2KJ/mol) and is irreversible.

1.2mL of 0.3 M glycerol was added to a cuvette, which is placed in a sample holder. Transfer the cuvette to the sample holder in the machine and close the lid gently. Blank the machine by pressing the 0 ABS. 3 mL of 0.3 M glycerol was added to a test tube and10 microliters of whole blood was pipetted into this solution. The tube was covered with a piece of Para film and inverted to gently to mix.

pyruvate (3 carbon sugar), 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 net) per molecule of glucose. During