MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA
1960 TO LATE 1990
This article highlights the role of Mzee Kenyatta’s nation building press and Media in the “Nyayo Republic” in developing media in Kenya. Kenyatta’s reign was characterized by less stringent controls of the media. Moi on the other hand towered Kenya’s political scene during his regime and greatly impacted the direction the media took through his relations with them and the policies that his government put in place. Of interest is the fact that Kenya had just acquired its independence and the perception of a one nation, one people would prevail, however the country set out with political fall outs, emerging oppositions and ethnicity issues. Both regimes used the media and state resources to
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McChesney (1998, p. 25). On the other hand the government indirectly supported the mainstream media by frustrating the alternative media. A few alternative media survived after their collapse at independence. They became increasingly vocal, disillusioned with the pace of change and the political rifts among the political elite. In 1966 Odinga fell out with Kenyatta after being expelled from the ruling part, subsequently there was a major crack down on the emergent alternative English- language media, such as the Christian publication Target. Several underground publications, including Pambana, Mwananchi and Mzalendo had no known official offices. The government viewed alternative media as a threat to its nation building project, as Kenyatta’s aim was to establish “the nation rather than the ethnic group as the pre-eminent political community” Ndegwa (1997, p.606).
The Nation and The Standard directly and indirectly participated in promoting the government’s political project of nation building. Despite being mild government critics they appropriately popularized the state’s invented mythologies which gave a major boost to Kenyatta’s regime. They adopted the use of references to the president as Father of the Nation and to Kenya as a family. As Father of the Nation, he appropriated the title Mzee. This title came with a broadly agreed upon hierarchy of relations, one that was culturally legitimate and enhanced political legitimacy. Therefore its referents were highly
The advancement and development in delivery of media content has also affected the audience’s behavior in certain manner. In distant past, families use to gather around the only television screen in home and enjoy the prime time programs aired by these limited broadcasters. “Millions of households already have cancelled pay-TV subscriptions - up to 10 million U.S. households are currently broadband-only. And about 45 percent of Americans stream television shows at least once a month, according to research firm eMarketer. That number is expected to increase to 53 percent or 175 million people by 2018.” Anderson, Mae, and Michael Liedtke. "HBO Unleashes Streaming from Cable Contracts." The Charleston Gazette, 16 Oct. 2014. Web.
Ever since the 17th century, the newspaper has been produced and blown out of proportion, known as mass media. George A. Krimsky shines his own opinion in his essay, “The Role of the Media in a Democracy.” Krimsky provides many examples, reasoning, and rhetoric devices to expand his argument even more, his argument being that; the press should send out straight facts, let people interpret them, and allow the free press to hold the government accountable.
Media was just as ever-changing as the society it was taking place within. During this time, media was just beginning to become a nationwide phenomenon. In May of 1874, the “Imperial Press Law” decreed that there would be freedom of the press. This opened the door not only for more forms of media to be readily available, but also for media to now be interwoven with politics. Newspapers
Title: Propaganda against Propaganda: Deconstructing the Dominant Narrative of the Print Media during the Biafra War.1967-1970
Media –newsprint specifically, is not merely words on a piece of paper. The same way that books are more than letters scrambled on a page, newspapers are more than just the articles on them. Even locally, there is a distinct connection between democracy and the media. The Centennial Catalyst, Centennial Secondary School’s newspaper was created in 1966 and up until 2014, it was the independent voice of the students. That was before it was cancelled. A combination of a lack of students to contribute and budget cuts, the newspaper found itself discontinued; then the 2015 school year came along. This new year brought along new money and new students and therefore the reinvigoration of the Catalyst. This was my first experience with the newspaper,
Over the centuries, the media has played a significant role in the shaping of societies across the globe. This is especially true of developed nations where media access is readily available to the average citizen. The media has contributed to the creation of ideologies and ideals within a society. The media has such an effect on social life, that a simple as a news story has the power to shake a nation. Because of this, governments around the world have made it their duty to be active in the regulation and control of media access in their countries. The media however, has quickly become dominated by major mega companies who own numerous television, radio and movie companies both nationally and
Peter Jennings, a Canadian journalist, once said, “whoever controls the media, controls reality”. It is his belief that the media has the capacity to shift stories and events to suit its own agenda. Furthermore, enough people will accept these deteriorations from the truth without question until it is perceived as actuality. Ultimately, Jennings’ believes it eventually becomes the reality. Those who have control over media are also responsible for determining what the norm is and what constitutes lunacy. These principals are exemplified in Oceania.
in Rethinking the Media Audience: The New Agenda, edited by Pettri Alasuutari. New York: Sage Publications.
In the twenty first century, the media has been transformed into a highly influential tool and segmented to aspects such as print, broadcast, film, outdoor and internet etc. The relationship between the media and construction of national identity is apparent with distinctive representation of nationalism in news coverage of politics, celebrations, tourism and country heritage (Leong, 2001).
All of his attempts to draw sympathy in Europe failed and he returned to Kenya at the end of World War II to try to get his people a political voice in the government. Originally, the KAU was only made up of the Kikuyu “elite”, but ultimately it widens its sphere of influence to encompass many of the different ethnicities within Kenya. What had started as a small group of intellectuals would grow to include over 150,000 angry Kenyans by 1951. Kenyatta believed strongly that violence would only hurt their cause. If they approached things in a political and peaceful manner, it would show the British that these people were civilized and ready to govern themselves. The KAU continually tried to gain more political power in the government, but the colonial government did everything it could to prevent the KAU from succeeding. When the KAU tried appealing to the British government, they got nothing but promises. The Kenyans started growing restless, waiting for promises that will never be fulfilled. To many people, violence seemed like the only way to solve their problems.
It is without a doubt that the Globalisation of the media has increased our access to information about people and events around the world. However, during the process it has also shifted issues on what should or should not be in the public domain due to media ownership led by Western media corporations. The media shape is reconstructing itself, forming a singular global body playing an essential part in our democracy socially, politically, economically and culturally. Due to this, the effects of globalisation towards Journalism have become very debatable to whether it is benefiting the practice of journalism or hindering it. During the course of this essay, it will explore the affect globalisation has on the media (especially journalism), the affect of media ownership and how new technologies have influenced journalism.
So in such case media should act as a bridge to remove differences and maintain peace in a society. But it has been observed that media not always act as a bridge for reconciliation, sometimes it promotes violence. Media is also accused of inciting violence by giving half-truth and by sensationalizing the conflicts, and not defining its root-cause. Therefore the media should try to maximize it efforts in maintaining a peaceful society. The media should also avoid hate-speech in its content.
Media has been around for hundreds of years now. The media used to be only the press. An example is newspapers and magazine.Over time Media itself has been evolving through technology. As technology evolve the media became television, Facebook, twitter, movies, the radios and cellphones. Media, itself has play a leading role throughout history around the world.It has connected people globally and depicts events that are happening globally. Communication has been an essential and integral part of human development since, scientists tell us, there have been humans. The media of that communication have developed and changed drastically over the centuries, ranging from elementary languages to the Internet. Media as a means of communication have been extremely influential in the development of human society, including politics. One place the media has play a significant role in is Africa. The media in Africa has play a significant role politically, economically, and socially since decolonization, which has impacted Africa positively and negatively.
Having the democracy to exercise and express our freedom of the press, which was have been suppressed before, during the Marcos regime, we can say that the Philippine news media’s role is critical to the advancement and preservation of the country’s democratic institutions and way of life and in helping catalyze equitable development. The issues and problems confronting the Philippine press
It is through the newspapers, many a time that marriages are arranged, and lost things are found. People pay homage to their dead relatives through the obituary notes in the newspapers.In short, newspapers contain all what is needed and desired by every person relating to any field of life. Newspapers play manifold character in almost all fields of life and are becoming more and important day by day. Education plays a vital role in the all round development of the society. Educated masses help in the development of a civilized society wherein they carry on their activities smoothly and hassle-free. People in a educated society communicate with each other, understand each other’s problems and provide solutions. An educated society, city, state, and country lay the foundation of a great world. Education plays the biggest role in society because without it, we wouldn't have doctors, lawyers, etc...Plus, some people who don't have education usually end up as delinquents.We commend the people of Bong County for many contributions to the Press Union of Liberia as it celebrated its 45th Anniversary in Gbarnga. We say Bravo! Bravo!! to the Press Union of Liberia and the People of Bong County.