Mediating Middlemen : Education Service Agencies Essay

Marcovitch, S. G., Gold, A., Washington, J., Wasson, C., Krekewich, K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997).

The policy analyst can sketch out an implementation plan for the most highly ranked alternative(s) that considers:

Hooton, T., Bradley, S., Cardenas, D., Colgan, R., Geerlings, S., Rice, J., Nicolle, L. (2010).

Schmidt, S. W., Shelley, M. C., Bardes, B. A., Maxwell, W. E., Crain, E., & Santos, A. (2010).

To proceed incrementally with proposed decisions and to evaluate objectives as they process information from making decisions. By defining policy measures and using numbers to justify decisions that can define outcomes based on policy and measurement. Measuring a problem creates subtle pressure to do something about it, but at the same time, some level of the measure can become a norm and therefore an acceptable status quo (Stone, 2012, p. 188). To avoid costly delays in progress, by evaluating the measurements of a policy as it proceeds, policy makers can avoid such delays and change the course of action to find consensus on how to

(Coffey et al., 2003; Cox et al., 2001; Finn et al., 2000). These findings are correlational,

Implementation stage commences after the policy has been approved. Some polices upon reaching the implementation phase will fail as the policy was more costly than budgeted for, hence it is necessary to conduct thorough research before commencing of policy process (Slack, 2011). The rules

The public policy of the ESA had multiple issues in the case of Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter. There have been legislative issues between the ESA and Congress in regards to the inconsistency of authority (Jennings, 2010). In addition, the lack of communication between Congress and the FWA caused discrepancies on how to best protect the habitat (Jennings, 2010). The public policy also has issues on an economic standpoint due to the cost of resources on the basis to support the ESA or abolish the Act (Sahr, n.d.).

Public policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem or an opportunity. The analysis delves into a public issue or problem and assesses a set of proposed government action for addressing the issue. The job of the analyst is to describe the background and status of an issue and then, using research and analysis, determine a proper government action to resolve the issue. By comparing options and weighing their expected benefits, the analyst should conclude with a recommended course of action or inaction to addressing the issue.

The model states the steps of policy process (Lindblom, 1959: 79 – 81; Forester, 1984: 23 – 24). At the beginning of the sequence, administrators of public sector would try to distinguish policy objectives by using an empirical analysis to develop alternative policies. The second step is examining all alternative policies possibility in order to obtain the most valuable policy that needed. Then, the administrator would take a decision on what policy that should be taken based on the process that had been done. It looks like that the process is choosing main goals of policies that already identified by all of examination process. It means policy result is already established and the process is the way to justify it and does not need to have a consultation because the process is fully integrated and acknowledged (Forester, 1984: 25). Forester (1984) also added that the policy process of rational comprehensive also coverage fully base line of information and costs for each information, and has enough time and resources to produce a best policy (Forester, 1984,

The case is also relevant to Graham Allison concepts of the core elements of policy, resource, and program management. Policy management is the identification of needs, analysis of options, selection of programs, and locating resources. An example from the case would be how Scanlan reported

10.Cf. Megan R. Gunnar,W.Andrew Collins (1988) :p.94. 11.Cf. Patricia Noller,Victor J. Callan (1991) :p. 49 12. Cf. Clarence J. Mann,Klaus Götz (2006) :p.110 13 Raymond Montemayor (1983):quoted according to Morton, Alexander, & Altman (1976) :p.84 14 Cf. Daniel J. Canary,William R. Cupach,Susan J. Messman (1995) quoted according to Smetana

Chapter 1 walks the reader through the need for easy methods of policy analysis and planning as our problems in society become more complex and difficult to solve. This chapter starts with the introduction of a set off systematic procedures or what is known as policy analysis methods that can be used to solve our complex problems. Then there is a subgroup of these methods that are basic methods, which assists with quick results and in making good policy decisions (Patton, Sawicki, & Clark, 2012, p. 3). Some disagree that there is a set of procedures that can be used to assist in solving problems however a standardized methodology has developed and been applied (Patton et al., 2012 p.

& Gamliel, 2006; Ueno, 2010). Subsequently, Lin, et, al (2010) as well as Souiden, et, al

2006; Lam et al. 2006; Abbasnia and Ziaadiny 2010; Abbasnia et al. 2012(b); Abbasnia and Holakoo 2012; Ozbakkaloglu and Akin 2012; Demir et al. 2015).